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The ACM Computing Classification System (1998)
- A. General Literature
- A.0 GENERAL
- Biographies/autobiographies
- Conference proceedings
- General literary works (e.g., fiction, plays)
- A.1 INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY
- A.2 REFERENCE (e.g., dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries)
- A.m MISCELLANEOUS
- B. Hardware
- B.0 GENERAL
- B.1 CONTROL STRUCTURES AND MICROPROGRAMMING
(D.3.2)
- B.1.0 General
- B.1.1 Control Design Styles
- Hardwired control [**]
- Microprogrammed logic arrays [**]
- Writable control store [**]
- B.1.2 Control Structure Performance Analysis and Design Aids
- Automatic synthesis [**]
- Formal models [**]
- Simulation [**]
- B.1.3 Control Structure Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance [**]
(B.8)
- Diagnostics [**]
- Error-checking [**]
- Redundant design [**]
- Test generation [**]
- B.1.4 Microprogram Design Aids
(D.2.2,
D.2.4,
D.3.2,
D.3.4)
- Firmware engineering [**]
- Languages and compilers
- Machine-independent microcode generation [**]
- Optimization
- Verification [**]
- B.1.5 Microcode Applications
- Direct data manipulation [**]
- Firmware support of operating systems/instruction sets [**]
- Instruction set interpretation
- Peripheral control [**]
- Special-purpose [**]
- B.1.m Miscellaneous
- B.2 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC STRUCTURES
- B.2.0 General
- B.2.1 Design Styles
(C.1.1,
C.1.2)
- Calculator [**]
- Parallel
- Pipeline
- B.2.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids [**]
(B.8)
- Simulation [**]
- Verification [**]
- Worst-case analysis [**]
- B.2.3 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance [**]
(B.8)
- Diagnostics [**]
- Error-checking [**]
- Redundant design [**]
- Test generation [**]
- B.2.4 High-Speed Arithmetic
- Algorithms
- Cost/performance
- B.2.m Miscellaneous
- B.3 MEMORY STRUCTURES
- B.3.0 General
- B.3.1 Semiconductor Memories
(B.7.1)
- Dynamic memory (DRAM)
- Read-only memory (ROM)
- Static memory (SRAM)
- B.3.2 Design Styles
(D.4.2)
- Associative memories
- Cache memories
- Interleaved memories [**]
- Mass storage (e.g., magnetic, optical, RAID)
- Primary memory
- Sequential-access memory [**]
- Shared memory
- Virtual memory
- B.3.3 Performance Analysis and Design Aids [**]
(B.8,
C.4)
- Formal models [**]
- Simulation [**]
- Worst-case analysis [**]
- B.3.4 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance [**]
(B.8)
- Diagnostics [**]
- Error-checking [**]
- Redundant design [**]
- Test generation [**]
- B.3.m Miscellaneous
- B.4 INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS
- B.4.0 General
- B.4.1 Data Communications Devices
- Processors [**]
- Receivers (e.g., voice, data, image) [**]
- Transmitters [**]
- B.4.2 Input/Output Devices
- Channels and controllers
- Data terminals and printers
- Image display
- Voice
- B.4.3 Interconnections (Subsystems)
- Asynchronous/synchronous operation
- Fiber optics
- Interfaces
- Parallel I/O
- Physical structures (e.g., backplanes, cables, chip carriers) [**]
- Topology (e.g., bus, point-to-point)
- B.4.4 Performance Analysis and Design Aids [**]
(B.8)
- Formal models [**]
- Simulation [**]
- Verification [**]
- Worst-case analysis [**]
- B.4.5 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance [**]
(B.8)
- Built-in tests [**]
- Diagnostics [**]
- Error-checking [**]
- Hardware reliability [**]
- Redundant design [**]
- Test generation [**]
- B.4.m Miscellaneous
- B.5 REGISTER-TRANSFER-LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION
- B.5.0 General
- B.5.1 Design
- Arithmetic and logic units
- Control design
- Data-path design
- Memory design
- Styles (e.g., parallel, pipeline, special-purpose)
- B.5.2 Design Aids
- Automatic synthesis
- Hardware description languages
- Optimization
- Simulation
- Verification
- B.5.3 Reliability and Testing [**]
(B.8)
- Built-in tests [**]
- Error-checking [**]
- Redundant design [**]
- Test generation [**]
- Testability [**]
- B.5.m Miscellaneous
- B.6 LOGIC DESIGN
- B.6.0 General
- B.6.1 Design Styles
- Cellular arrays and automata
- Combinational logic
- Logic arrays
- Memory control and access [**]
- Memory used as logic [**]
- Parallel circuits
- Sequential circuits
- B.6.2 Reliability and Testing [**]
(B.8)
- Built-in tests [**]
- Error-checking [**]
- Redundant design [**]
- Test generation [**]
- Testability [**]
- B.6.3 Design Aids
- Automatic synthesis
- Hardware description languages
- Optimization
- Simulation
- Switching theory
- Verification
- B.6.m Miscellaneous
- B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
- B.7.0 General
- B.7.1 Types and Design Styles
- Advanced technologies
- Algorithms implemented in hardware
- Gate arrays
- Input/output circuits
- Memory technologies
- Microprocessors and microcomputers
- Standard cells [**]
- VLSI (very large scale integration)
- B.7.2 Design Aids
- Graphics
- Layout
- Placement and routing
- Simulation
- Verification
- B.7.3 Reliability and Testing [**]
(B.8)
- Built-in tests [**]
- Error-checking [**]
- Redundant design [**]
- Test generation [**]
- Testability [**]
- B.7.m Miscellaneous
- B.8 PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY
(C.4)
- B.8.0 General
- B.8.1 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
- B.8.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids
- B.8.m Miscellaneous
- B.m MISCELLANEOUS
- C. Computer Systems Organization
- C.0 GENERAL
- Hardware/software interfaces
- Instruction set design (e.g., RISC, CISC, VLIW)
- Modeling of computer architecture
- System architectures
- Systems specification methodology
- C.1 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES
- C.1.0 General
- C.1.1 Single Data Stream Architectures
- Multiple-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (MISD) [**]
- Pipeline processors [**]
- RISC/CISC, VLIW architectures
- Single-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (SISD) [**]
- Von Neumann architectures [**]
- C.1.2 Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)
- Array and vector processors
- Associative processors
- Connection machines
- Interconnection architectures (e.g., common bus, multiport memory, crossbar switch)
- Multiple-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (MIMD)
- Parallel processors [**]
- Pipeline processors [**]
- Single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (SIMD)
- C.1.3 Other Architecture Styles
- Adaptable architectures
- Analog computers
- Capability architectures [**]
- Cellular architecture (e.g., mobile)
- Data-flow architectures
- Heterogeneous (hybrid) systems
- High-level language architectures [**]
- Neural nets
- Pipeline processors
- Stack-oriented processors [**]
- C.1.4 Parallel Architectures
- Distributed architectures
- Mobile processors
- C.1.m Miscellaneous
- Analog computers [**]
- Hybrid systems [**]
- C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- C.2.0 General
- Data communications
- Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI)
- Security and protection (e.g., firewalls)
- C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design
- Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
- Centralized networks [**]
- Circuit-switching networks
- Distributed networks
- Frame relay networks
- ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
- Network communications
- Network topology
- Packet-switching networks
- Store and forward networks
- Wireless communication
- C.2.2 Network Protocols
- Applications (SMTP, FTP, etc.)
- Protocol architecture (OSI model)
- Protocol verification
- Routing protocols
- C.2.3 Network Operations
- Network management
- Network monitoring
- Public networks
- C.2.4 Distributed Systems
- Client/server
- Distributed applications
- Distributed databases
- Network operating systems
- C.2.5 Local and Wide-Area Networks
- Access schemes
- Buses
- Ethernet (e.g., CSMA/CD)
- High-speed (e.g., FDDI, fiber channel, ATM)
- Internet (e.g., TCP/IP)
- Token rings
- C.2.6 Internetworking
(C.2.2)
- Routers
- Standards (e.g., TCP/IP)
- C.2.m Miscellaneous
- C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS
(J.7)
- Microprocessor/microcomputer applications
- Process control systems
- Real-time and embedded systems
- Signal processing systems
- Smartcards
- C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS
- Design studies
- Fault tolerance
- Measurement techniques
- Modeling techniques
- Performance attributes
- Reliability, availability, and serviceability
- C.5 COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
- C.5.0 General
- C.5.1 Large and Medium (``Mainframe'') Computers
- Super (very large) computers
- C.5.2 Minicomputers [**]
- C.5.3 Microcomputers
- Microprocessors
- Personal computers
- Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants)
- Workstations
- C.5.4 VLSI Systems
- C.5.5 Servers
- C.5.m Miscellaneous
- C.m MISCELLANEOUS
- D. Software
- D.0 GENERAL
- D.1 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES
(E)
- D.1.0 General
- D.1.1 Applicative (Functional) Programming
- D.1.2 Automatic Programming
(I.2.2)
- D.1.3 Concurrent Programming
- Distributed programming
- Parallel programming
- D.1.4 Sequential Programming
- D.1.5 Object-oriented Programming
- D.1.6 Logic Programming
- D.1.7 Visual Programming
- D.1.m Miscellaneous
- D.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
(K.6.3)
- D.2.0 General
(K.5.1)
- Protection mechanisms
- Standards
- D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications
(D.3.1)
- Elicitation methods (e.g., rapid prototyping, interviews, JAD)
- Languages
- Methodologies (e.g., object-oriented, structured)
- Tools
- D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques
- Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
- Decision tables
- Evolutionary prototyping
- Flow charts
- Modules and interfaces
- Object-oriented design methods
- Petri nets
- Programmer workbench [**]
- Software libraries
- State diagrams
- Structured programming [**]
- Top-down programming [**]
- User interfaces
- D.2.3 Coding Tools and Techniques
- Object-oriented programming
- Pretty printers
- Program editors
- Reentrant code [**]
- Standards
- Structured programming
- Top-down programming
- D.2.4 Software/Program Verification
(F.3.1)
- Assertion checkers
- Class invariants
- Correctness proofs
- Formal methods
- Model checking
- Programming by contract
- Reliability
- Statistical methods
- Validation
- D.2.5 Testing and Debugging
- Code inspections and walk-throughs
- Debugging aids
- Diagnostics
- Distributed debugging
- Dumps [**]
- Error handling and recovery
- Monitors
- Symbolic execution
- Testing tools (e.g., data generators, coverage testing)
- Tracing
- D.2.6 Programming Environments
- Graphical environments
- Integrated environments
- Interactive environments
- Programmer workbench
- D.2.7 Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement
- Corrections [**]
- Documentation
- Enhancement [**]
- Extensibility [**]
- Portability
- Restructuring, reverse engineering, and reengineering
- Version control
- D.2.8 Metrics
(D.4.8)
- Complexity measures
- Performance measures
- Process metrics
- Product metrics
- Software science [**]
- D.2.9 Management
(K.6.3,
K.6.4)
- Copyrights [**]
- Cost estimation
- Life cycle
- Productivity
- Programming teams
- Software configuration management
- Software process models (e.g., CMM, ISO, PSP)
- Software quality assurance (SQA)
- Time estimation
- D.2.10 Design [**]
(D.2.2)
- Methodologies [**]
- Representation [**]
- D.2.11 Software Architectures
- Data abstraction
- Domain-specific architectures
- Information hiding
- Languages (e.g., description, interconnection, definition)
- Patterns (e.g., client/server, pipeline, blackboard)
- D.2.12 Interoperability
- Data mapping
- Distributed objects
- Interface definition languages
- D.2.13 Reusable Software
- Domain engineering
- Reusable libraries
- Reuse models
- D.2.m Miscellaneous
- Rapid prototyping [**]
- Reusable software [**]
- D.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
- D.3.0 General
- D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory
(D.2.1,
F.3.1,
F.3.2,
F.4.2,
F.4.3)
- D.3.2 Language Classifications
- Applicative (functional) languages
- Concurrent, distributed, and parallel languages
- Constraint and logic languages
- Data-flow languages
- Design languages
- Extensible languages
- Macro and assembly languages
- Microprogramming languages [**]
- Multiparadigm languages
- Nondeterministic languages [**]
- Nonprocedural languages [**]
- Object-oriented languages
- Specialized application languages
- Very high-level languages
- D.3.3 Language Constructs and Features
(E.2)
- Abstract data types
- Classes and objects
- Concurrent programming structures
- Constraints
- Control structures
- Coroutines
- Data types and structures
- Dynamic storage management
- Frameworks
- Inheritance
- Input/output
- Modules, packages
- Patterns
- Polymorphism
- Procedures, functions, and subroutines
- Recursion
- D.3.4 Processors
- Code generation
- Compilers
- Debuggers
- Incremental compilers
- Interpreters
- Memory management (garbage collection)
- Optimization
- Parsing
- Preprocessors
- Retargetable compilers
- Run-time environments
- Translator writing systems and compiler generators
- D.3.m Miscellaneous
- D.4 OPERATING SYSTEMS
(C)
- D.4.0 General
- D.4.1 Process Management
- Concurrency
- Deadlocks
- Multiprocessing/multiprogramming/multitasking
- Mutual exclusion
- Scheduling
- Synchronization
- Threads
- D.4.2 Storage Management
- Allocation/deallocation strategies
- Distributed memories
- Garbage collection
- Main memory
- Secondary storage
- Segmentation [**]
- Storage hierarchies
- Swapping [**]
- Virtual memory
- D.4.3 File Systems Management
(E.5)
- Access methods
- Directory structures
- Distributed file systems
- File organization
- Maintenance [**]
- D.4.4 Communications Management
(C.2)
- Buffering
- Input/output
- Message sending
- Network communication
- Terminal management [**]
- D.4.5 Reliability
- Backup procedures
- Checkpoint/restart
- Fault-tolerance
- Verification
- D.4.6 Security and Protection
(K.6.5)
- Access controls
- Authentication
- Cryptographic controls
- Information flow controls
- Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
- Security kernels [**]
- Verification [**]
- D.4.7 Organization and Design
- Batch processing systems [**]
- Distributed systems
- Hierarchical design [**]
- Interactive systems
- Real-time systems and embedded systems
- D.4.8 Performance
(C.4,
D.2.8,
I.6)
- Measurements
- Modeling and prediction
- Monitors
- Operational analysis
- Queueing theory
- Simulation
- Stochastic analysis
- D.4.9 Systems Programs and Utilities
- Command and control languages
- Linkers [**]
- Loaders [**]
- Window managers
- D.4.m Miscellaneous
- D.m MISCELLANEOUS
- E. Data
- E.0 GENERAL
- E.1 DATA STRUCTURES
- Arrays
- Distributed data structures
- Graphs and networks
- Lists, stacks, and queues
- Records
- Tables [**]
- Trees
- E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS
- Composite structures [**]
- Contiguous representations [**]
- Hash-table representations
- Linked representations
- Object representation
- Primitive data items [**]
- E.3 DATA ENCRYPTION
- Code breaking
- Data encryption standard (DES) [**]
- Public key cryptosystems
- Standards (e.g., DES, PGP, RSA)
- E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY
(H.1.1)
- Data compaction and compression
- Error control codes
- Formal models of communication
- Nonsecret encoding schemes [**]
- E.5 FILES
(D.4.3,
F.2.2,
H.2)
- Backup/recovery
- Optimization [**]
- Organization/structure
- Sorting/searching
- E.m MISCELLANEOUS
- F. Theory of Computation
- F.0 GENERAL
- F.1 COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES
- F.1.0 General
- F.1.1 Models of Computation
(F.4.1)
- Automata (e.g., finite, push-down, resource-bounded)
- Bounded-action devices (e.g., Turing machines, random access machines)
- Computability theory
- Relations between models
- Self-modifying machines (e.g., neural networks)
- Unbounded-action devices (e.g., cellular automata, circuits, networks of machines)
- F.1.2 Modes of Computation
- Alternation and nondeterminism
- Interactive and reactive computation
- Online computation
- Parallelism and concurrency
- Probabilistic computation
- Relations among modes [**]
- Relativized computation
- F.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes
(F.2)
- Complexity hierarchies
- Machine-independent complexity [**]
- Reducibility and completeness
- Relations among complexity classes
- Relations among complexity measures
- F.1.m Miscellaneous
- F.2 ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY
(B.6,
B.7,
F.1.3)
- F.2.0 General
- F.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems
(G.1,
G.4,
I.1)
- Computation of transforms (e.g., fast Fourier transform)
- Computations in finite fields
- Computations on matrices
- Computations on polynomials
- Number-theoretic computations (e.g., factoring, primality testing)
- F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems
(E.2,
E.3,
E.4,
E.5,
G.2,
H.2,
H.3)
- Complexity of proof procedures
- Computations on discrete structures
- Geometrical problems and computations
- Pattern matching
- Routing and layout
- Sequencing and scheduling
- Sorting and searching
- F.2.3 Tradeoffs between Complexity Measures
(F.1.3)
- F.2.m Miscellaneous
- F.3 LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS
- F.3.0 General
- F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs
(D.2.1,
D.2.4,
D.3.1,
E.1)
- Assertions
- Invariants
- Logics of programs
- Mechanical verification
- Pre- and post-conditions
- Specification techniques
- F.3.2 Semantics of Programming Languages
(D.3.1)
- Algebraic approaches to semantics
- Denotational semantics
- Operational semantics
- Partial evaluation
- Process models
- Program analysis
- F.3.3 Studies of Program Constructs
(D.3.2,
D.3.3)
- Control primitives
- Functional constructs
- Object-oriented constructs
- Program and recursion schemes
- Type structure
- F.3.m Miscellaneous
- F.4 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES
- F.4.0 General
- F.4.1 Mathematical Logic
(F.1.1,
I.2.2,
I.2.3,
I.2.4)
- Computability theory
- Computational logic
- Lambda calculus and related systems
- Logic and constraint programming
- Mechanical theorem proving
- Modal logic
- Model theory
- Proof theory
- Recursive function theory
- Set theory
- Temporal logic
- F.4.2 Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems
(D.3.1)
- Decision problems
- Grammar types (e.g., context-free, context-sensitive)
- Parallel rewriting systems (e.g., developmental systems, L-systems)
- Parsing
- Thue systems
- F.4.3 Formal Languages
(D.3.1)
- Algebraic language theory
- Classes defined by grammars or automata (e.g., context-free languages, regular sets, recursive sets)
- Classes defined by resource-bounded automata [**]
- Decision problems
- Operations on languages
- F.4.m Miscellaneous
- F.m MISCELLANEOUS
- G. Mathematics of Computing
- G.0 GENERAL
- G.1 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
- G.1.0 General
- Computer arithmetic
- Conditioning (and ill-conditioning)
- Error analysis
- Interval arithmetic
- Multiple precision arithmetic
- Numerical algorithms
- Parallel algorithms
- Stability (and instability)
- G.1.1 Interpolation
(I.3.5,
I.3.7)
- Difference formulas [**]
- Extrapolation
- Interpolation formulas
- Smoothing
- Spline and piecewise polynomial interpolation
- G.1.2 Approximation
- Approximation of surfaces and contours
- Chebyshev approximation and theory
- Elementary function approximation
- Fast Fourier transforms (FFT)
- Least squares approximation
- Linear approximation
- Minimax approximation and algorithms
- Nonlinear approximation
- Rational approximation
- Special function approximations
- Spline and piecewise polynomial approximation
- Wavelets and fractals
- G.1.3 Numerical Linear Algebra
- Conditioning
- Determinants [**]
- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors (direct and iterative methods)
- Error analysis
- Linear systems (direct and iterative methods)
- Matrix inversion
- Pseudoinverses [**]
- Singular value decomposition
- Sparse, structured, and very large systems (direct and iterative methods)
- G.1.4 Quadrature and Numerical Differentiation
(F.2.1)
- Adaptive and iterative quadrature
- Automatic differentiation
- Equal interval integration [**]
- Error analysis
- Finite difference methods
- Gaussian quadrature
- Iterative methods
- Multidimensional (multiple) quadrature
- G.1.5 Roots of Nonlinear Equations
- Continuation (homotopy) methods
- Convergence
- Error analysis
- Iterative methods
- Polynomials, methods for
- Systems of equations
- G.1.6 Optimization
- Constrained optimization
- Convex programming
- Global optimization
- Gradient methods
- Integer programming
- Least squares methods
- Linear programming
- Nonlinear programming
- Quadratic programming methods
- Simulated annealing
- Stochastic programming
- Unconstrained optimization
- G.1.7 Ordinary Differential Equations
- Boundary value problems
- Chaotic systems
- Convergence and stability
- Differential-algebraic equations
- Error analysis
- Finite difference methods
- Initial value problems
- Multistep and multivalue methods
- One-step (single step) methods
- Stiff equations
- G.1.8 Partial Differential Equations
- Domain decomposition methods
- Elliptic equations
- Finite difference methods
- Finite element methods
- Finite volume methods
- Hyperbolic equations
- Inverse problems
- Iterative solution techniques
- Method of lines
- Multigrid and multilevel methods
- Parabolic equations
- Spectral methods
- G.1.9 Integral Equations
- Delay equations
- Fredholm equations
- Integro-differential equations
- Volterra equations
- G.1.10 Applications
- G.1.m Miscellaneous
- G.2 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
- G.2.0 General
- G.2.1 Combinatorics
(F.2.2)
- Combinatorial algorithms
- Counting problems
- Generating functions
- Permutations and combinations
- Recurrences and difference equations
- G.2.2 Graph Theory
(F.2.2)
- Graph algorithms
- Graph labeling
- Hypergraphs
- Network problems
- Path and circuit problems
- Trees
- G.2.3 Applications
- G.2.m Miscellaneous
- G.3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
- Contingency table analysis
- Correlation and regression analysis
- Distribution functions
- Experimental design
- Markov processes
- Multivariate statistics
- Nonparametric statistics
- Probabilistic algorithms (including Monte Carlo)
- Queueing theory
- Random number generation
- Reliability and life testing
- Renewal theory
- Robust regression
- Statistical computing
- Statistical software
- Stochastic processes
- Survival analysis
- Time series analysis
- G.4 MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE
- Algorithm design and analysis
- Certification and testing
- Documentation
- Efficiency
- Parallel and vector implementations
- Portability [**]
- Reliability and robustness
- User interfaces
- Verification [**]
- G.m MISCELLANEOUS
- H. Information Systems
- H.0 GENERAL
- H.1 MODELS AND PRINCIPLES
- H.1.0 General
- H.1.1 Systems and Information Theory
(E.4)
- General systems theory
- Information theory
- Value of information
- H.1.2 User/Machine Systems
- Human factors
- Human information processing
- Software psychology
- H.1.m Miscellaneous
- H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
(E.5)
- H.2.0 General
- Security, integrity, and protection [**]
- H.2.1 Logical Design
- Data models
- Normal forms
- Schema and subschema
- H.2.2 Physical Design
- Access methods
- Deadlock avoidance
- Recovery and restart
- H.2.3 Languages
(D.3.2)
- Data description languages (DDL)
- Data manipulation languages (DML)
- Database (persistent) programming languages
- Query languages
- Report writers
- H.2.4 Systems
- Concurrency
- Distributed databases
- Multimedia databases
- Object-oriented databases
- Parallel databases
- Query processing
- Relational databases
- Rule-based databases
- Textual databases
- Transaction processing
- H.2.5 Heterogeneous Databases
- Data translation [**]
- Program translation [**]
- H.2.6 Database Machines
- H.2.7 Database Administration
- Data dictionary/directory
- Data warehouse and repository
- Logging and recovery
- Security, integrity, and protection
- H.2.8 Database Applications
- Data mining
- Image databases
- Scientific databases
- Spatial databases and GIS
- Statistical databases
- H.2.m Miscellaneous
- H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
- H.3.0 General
- H.3.1 Content Analysis and Indexing
- Abstracting methods
- Dictionaries
- Indexing methods
- Linguistic processing
- Thesauruses
- H.3.2 Information Storage
- File organization
- Record classification [**]
- H.3.3 Information Search and Retrieval
- Clustering
- Information filtering
- Query formulation
- Relevance feedback
- Retrieval models
- Search process
- Selection process
- H.3.4 Systems and Software
- Current awareness systems (selective dissemination of information--SDI) [**]
- Distributed systems
- Information networks
- Performance evaluation (efficiency and effectiveness)
- Question-answering (fact retrieval) systems [**]
- User profiles and alert services
- H.3.5 Online Information Services
- Commercial services
- Data sharing
- Web-based services
- H.3.6 Library Automation
- H.3.7 Digital Libraries
- Collection
- Dissemination
- Standards
- Systems issues
- User issues
- H.3.m Miscellaneous
- H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
- H.4.0 General
- H.4.1 Office Automation
(I.7)
- Desktop publishing
- Equipment [**]
- Groupware
- Spreadsheets
- Time management (e.g., calendars, schedules)
- Word processing
- Workflow management
- H.4.2 Types of Systems
- Decision support (e.g., MIS)
- Logistics
- H.4.3 Communications Applications
- Bulletin boards
- Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing
- Electronic mail
- Information browsers
- Videotex
- H.4.m Miscellaneous
- H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)
(I.7)
- H.5.0 General
- H.5.1 Multimedia Information Systems
- Animations
- Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities
- Audio input/output
- Evaluation/methodology
- Hypertext navigation and maps [**]
- Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI)
- H.5.2 User Interfaces
(D.2.2,
H.1.2,
I.3.6)
- Auditory (non-speech) feedback
- Benchmarking
- Ergonomics
- Evaluation/methodology
- Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
- Haptic I/O
- Input devices and strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen)
- Interaction styles (e.g., commands, menus, forms, direct manipulation)
- Natural language
- Prototyping
- Screen design (e.g., text, graphics, color)
- Standardization
- Style guides
- Theory and methods
- Training, help, and documentation
- User-centered design
- User interface management systems (UIMS)
- Voice I/O
- Windowing systems
- H.5.3 Group and Organization Interfaces
- Asynchronous interaction
- Collaborative computing
- Computer-supported cooperative work
- Evaluation/methodology
- Organizational design
- Synchronous interaction
- Theory and models
- Web-based interaction
- H.5.4 Hypertext/Hypermedia
(I.7,
J.7)
- Architectures
- Navigation
- Theory
- User issues
- H.5.5 Sound and Music Computing
(J.5)
- Methodologies and techniques
- Modeling
- Signal analysis, synthesis, and processing
- Systems
- H.5.m Miscellaneous
- H.m MISCELLANEOUS
- I. Computing Methodologies
- I.0 GENERAL
- I.1 SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION
- I.1.0 General
- I.1.1 Expressions and Their Representation
(E.1,
E.2)
- Representations (general and polynomial)
- Simplification of expressions
- I.1.2 Algorithms
(F.2.1,
F.2.2)
- Algebraic algorithms
- Analysis of algorithms
- Nonalgebraic algorithms
- I.1.3 Languages and Systems
(D.3.2,
D.3.3,
F.2.2)
- Evaluation strategies
- Nonprocedural languages [**]
- Special-purpose algebraic systems
- Special-purpose hardware [**]
- Substitution mechanisms [**]
- I.1.4 Applications
- I.1.m Miscellaneous
- I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
- I.2.0 General
- Cognitive simulation
- Philosophical foundations
- I.2.1 Applications and Expert Systems
(H.4,
J)
- Cartography
- Games
- Industrial automation
- Law
- Medicine and science
- Natural language interfaces
- Office automation
- I.2.2 Automatic Programming
(D.1.2,
F.3.1,
F.4.1)
- Automatic analysis of algorithms
- Program modification
- Program synthesis
- Program transformation
- Program verification
- I.2.3 Deduction and Theorem Proving
(F.4.1)
- Answer/reason extraction
- Deduction (e.g., natural, rule-based)
- Inference engines
- Logic programming
- Mathematical induction
- Metatheory [**]
- Nonmonotonic reasoning and belief revision
- Resolution
- Uncertainty, ``fuzzy,'' and probabilistic reasoning
- I.2.4 Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods
(F.4.1)
- Frames and scripts
- Modal logic
- Predicate logic
- Relation systems
- Representation languages
- Representations (procedural and rule-based)
- Semantic networks
- Temporal logic
- I.2.5 Programming Languages and Software
(D.3.2)
- Expert system tools and techniques
- I.2.6 Learning
(K.3.2)
- Analogies
- Concept learning
- Connectionism and neural nets
- Induction
- Knowledge acquisition
- Language acquisition
- Parameter learning
- I.2.7 Natural Language Processing
- Discourse
- Language generation
- Language models
- Language parsing and understanding
- Machine translation
- Speech recognition and synthesis
- Text analysis
- I.2.8 Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search
(F.2.2)
- Backtracking
- Control theory
- Dynamic programming
- Graph and tree search strategies
- Heuristic methods
- Plan execution, formation, and generation
- Scheduling
- I.2.9 Robotics
- Autonomous vehicles
- Commercial robots and applications
- Kinematics and dynamics
- Manipulators
- Operator interfaces
- Propelling mechanisms
- Sensors
- Workcell organization and planning
- I.2.10 Vision and Scene Understanding
(I.4.8,
I.5)
- 3D/stereo scene analysis
- Architecture and control structures [**]
- Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding
- Modeling and recovery of physical attributes
- Motion
- Perceptual reasoning
- Representations, data structures, and transforms
- Shape
- Texture
- Video analysis
- I.2.11 Distributed Artificial Intelligence
- Coherence and coordination
- Intelligent agents
- Languages and structures
- Multiagent systems
- I.2.m Miscellaneous
- I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
- I.3.0 General
- I.3.1 Hardware Architecture
(B.4.2)
- Graphics processors
- Hardcopy devices [**]
- Input devices
- Parallel processing
- Raster display devices
- Storage devices [**]
- Three-dimensional displays [**]
- Vector display devices [**]
- I.3.2 Graphics Systems
(C.2.1,
C.2.4,
C.3)
- Distributed/network graphics
- Remote systems [**]
- Stand-alone systems [**]
- I.3.3 Picture/Image Generation
- Antialiasing [**]
- Bitmap and framebuffer operations
- Digitizing and scanning
- Display algorithms
- Line and curve generation
- Viewing algorithms
- I.3.4 Graphics Utilities
- Application packages
- Device drivers [**]
- Graphics editors
- Graphics packages
- Meta files [**]
- Paint systems
- Picture description languages [**]
- Software support
- Virtual device interfaces
- I.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling
- Boundary representations
- Constructive solid geometry (CSG) [**]
- Curve, surface, solid, and object representations
- Geometric algorithms, languages, and systems
- Hierarchy and geometric transformations
- Modeling packages
- Object hierarchies
- Physically based modeling
- Splines
- I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques
- Device independence [**]
- Ergonomics
- Graphics data structures and data types
- Interaction techniques
- Languages
- Standards
- I.3.7 Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism
- Animation
- Color, shading, shadowing, and texture
- Fractals
- Hidden line/surface removal
- Radiosity
- Raytracing
- Virtual reality
- Visible line/surface algorithms
- I.3.8 Applications
- I.3.m Miscellaneous
- I.4 IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION
- I.4.0 General
- Image displays
- Image processing software
- I.4.1 Digitization and Image Capture
- Camera calibration
- Imaging geometry
- Quantization
- Radiometry
- Reflectance
- Sampling
- Scanning
- I.4.2 Compression (Coding)
(E.4)
- Approximate methods
- Exact coding [**]
- I.4.3 Enhancement
- Filtering
- Geometric correction
- Grayscale manipulation
- Registration
- Sharpening and deblurring [**]
- Smoothing
- I.4.4 Restoration
- Inverse filtering [**]
- Kalman filtering
- Pseudoinverse restoration [**]
- Wiener filtering [**]
- I.4.5 Reconstruction
- Series expansion methods
- Summation methods [**]
- Transform methods
- I.4.6 Segmentation
- Edge and feature detection
- Pixel classification
- Region growing, partitioning
- Relaxation
- I.4.7 Feature Measurement
- Feature representation
- Invariants
- Moments
- Projections
- Size and shape
- Texture
- I.4.8 Scene Analysis
- Color
- Depth cues
- Motion
- Object recognition
- Photometry
- Range data
- Sensor fusion
- Shading
- Shape
- Stereo
- Surface fitting
- Time-varying imagery
- Tracking
- I.4.9 Applications
- I.4.10 Image Representation
- Hierarchical
- Morphological
- Multidimensional
- Statistical
- Volumetric
- I.4.m Miscellaneous
- I.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION
- I.5.0 General
- I.5.1 Models
- Deterministic [**]
- Fuzzy set
- Geometric
- Neural nets
- Statistical
- Structural
- I.5.2 Design Methodology
- Classifier design and evaluation
- Feature evaluation and selection
- Pattern analysis
- I.5.3 Clustering
- Algorithms
- Similarity measures
- I.5.4 Applications
- Computer vision
- Signal processing
- Text processing
- Waveform analysis
- I.5.5 Implementation
(C.3)
- Interactive systems
- Special architectures
- I.5.m Miscellaneous
- I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING
(G.3)
- I.6.0 General
- I.6.1 Simulation Theory
- Model classification
- Systems theory
- Types of simulation (continuous and discrete) [*]
- I.6.2 Simulation Languages
- I.6.3 Applications
- I.6.4 Model Validation and Analysis
- I.6.5 Model Development
- I.6.6 Simulation Output Analysis
- I.6.7 Simulation Support Systems
- I.6.8 Types of Simulation
- Animation
- Combined
- Continuous
- Discrete event
- Distributed
- Gaming
- Monte Carlo
- Parallel
- Visual
- I.6.m Miscellaneous
- I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING
(H.4,
H.5)
- I.7.0 General
- I.7.1 Document and Text Editing
- Document management
- Languages [**]
- Spelling [**]
- Version control
- I.7.2 Document Preparation
- Desktop publishing
- Format and notation
- Hypertext/hypermedia
- Index generation
- Languages and systems
- Markup languages
- Multi/mixed media
- Photocomposition/typesetting
- Scripting languages
- Standards
- I.7.3 Index Generation [**]
- I.7.4 Electronic Publishing
(H.5.4,
J.7)
- I.7.5 Document Capture
(I.4.1)
- Document analysis
- Graphics recognition and interpretation
- Optical character recognition (OCR)
- Scanning
- I.7.m Miscellaneous
- I.m MISCELLANEOUS
- J. Computer Applications
- J.0 GENERAL
- J.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING
- Business
- Education
- Financial (e.g., EFTS)
- Government
- Law
- Manufacturing
- Marketing
- Military
- J.2 PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING
- Aerospace
- Archaeology
- Astronomy
- Chemistry
- Earth and atmospheric sciences
- Electronics
- Engineering
- Mathematics and statistics
- Physics
- J.3 LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES
- Biology and genetics
- Health
- Medical information systems
- J.4 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
- Economics
- Psychology
- Sociology
- J.5 ARTS AND HUMANITIES
- Architecture
- Arts, fine and performing [**]
- Fine arts
- Language translation
- Linguistics
- Literature
- Music [**]
- Performing arts (e.g., dance, music)
- J.6 COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING
- Computer-aided design (CAD)
- Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
- J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS
(C.3)
- Command and control
- Consumer products
- Industrial control
- Military
- Process control
- Publishing
- Real time
- J.m MISCELLANEOUS
- K. Computing Milieux
- K.0 GENERAL
- K.1 THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY
- Markets
- Standards
- Statistics
- Suppliers
- K.2 HISTORY OF COMPUTING
- Hardware
- People
- Software
- Systems
- Theory
- K.3 COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION
- K.3.0 General
- K.3.1 Computer Uses in Education
- Collaborative learning
- Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
- Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
- Distance learning
- K.3.2 Computer and Information Science Education
- Accreditation
- Computer science education
- Curriculum
- Information systems education
- Literacy
- Self-assessment
- K.3.m Miscellaneous
- Accreditation [**]
- Computer literacy [**]
- K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
- K.4.0 General
- K.4.1 Public Policy Issues
- Abuse and crime involving computers
- Computer-related health issues
- Ethics
- Human safety
- Intellectual property rights
- Privacy
- Regulation
- Transborder data flow
- Use/abuse of power
- K.4.2 Social Issues
- Abuse and crime involving computers [**]
- Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities
- Employment
- Handicapped persons/special needs [**]
- K.4.3 Organizational Impacts
- Automation
- Computer-supported collaborative work
- Employment
- Reengineering
- K.4.4 Electronic Commerce
(J.1)
- Cybercash, digital cash
- Distributed commercial transactions
- Electronic data interchange (EDI)
- Intellectual property
- Payment schemes
- Security
- K.4.m Miscellaneous
- K.5 LEGAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTING
- K.5.0 General
- K.5.1 Hardware/Software Protection
- Copyrights
- Licensing
- Patents
- Proprietary rights
- Trade secrets [**]
- K.5.2 Governmental Issues
- Censorship
- Regulation
- Taxation
- K.5.m Miscellaneous
- Contracts [**]
- Hardware patents [**]
- K.6 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
- K.6.0 General
- K.6.1 Project and People Management
- Life cycle
- Management techniques (e.g., PERT/CPM)
- Staffing
- Strategic information systems planning
- Systems analysis and design
- Systems development
- Training
- K.6.2 Installation Management
- Benchmarks
- Computer selection
- Computing equipment management
- Performance and usage measurement
- Pricing and resource allocation
- K.6.3 Software Management
(D.2.9)
- Software development
- Software maintenance
- Software process
- Software selection
- K.6.4 System Management
- Centralization/decentralization
- Management audit
- Quality assurance
- K.6.5 Security and Protection
(D.4.6,
K.4.2)
- Authentication
- Insurance [**]
- Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
- Physical security [**]
- Unauthorized access (e.g., hacking, phreaking)
- K.6.m Miscellaneous
- Insurance [*]
- Security [*]
- K.7 THE COMPUTING PROFESSION
- K.7.0 General
- K.7.1 Occupations
- K.7.2 Organizations
- K.7.3 Testing, Certification, and Licensing
- K.7.4 Professional Ethics
(K.4)
- Codes of ethics
- Codes of good practice
- Ethical dilemmas
- K.7.m Miscellaneous
- Codes of good practice [**]
- Ethics [**]
- K.8 PERSONAL COMPUTING
- Games [*]
- K.8.0 General
- K.8.1 Application Packages
- Data communications
- Database processing
- Freeware/shareware
- Graphics
- Spreadsheets
- Word processing
- K.8.2 Hardware
- K.8.3 Management/Maintenance
- K.8.m Miscellaneous
- K.m MISCELLANEOUS
* Indicates that the classification is no longer used as of January
1991, but that the item is still searchable for previously classified
documents.
** Indicates that the classification is no longer used as of January
1998, but that the item is still searchable for previously classified
documents.