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PACELLE, M. AND SIDEL, R. 2005. Security is Breached at Card Processor. Wall Street Journal (June 20) A2.

Summary from the newspaper: A computer-security breach at a company that processes credit card transactions exposed more than 40 million cards of all brands to possible fraud, laying bare the vulnerability of obscure nooks of the nation's sprawling electronic-payments system. MasterCard said that about 13.9 million MasterCard branded cards were victimized, Visa said 22 million cards had been compromised, while American Express and Discover didn't disclose how many accounts had been affected.

PALVIA, S. 2003. Global Outsourcing of IT and IT Enabled Services. Journal of Information Technology Cases and Applications 5, 3, 1-11.

This article by a professor of management information systems at Long Island University is pulled mainly from many mass-market publications. However, it contains a great deal of detail that is not collected in such quantities elsewhere. The paper is particularly useful with examples of companies outsourcing work in India. There are also briefer portraits of outsourcing activities in China, Philippines, Russia, Mexico, South Africa, and Eastern Europe. There are examples from Boeing and IBM of employee backlash in the United States to offshoring. Also covered are discussions of the politics of H1-B and L-1 visas, educational implications for the United States of offshoring, ISO software certifications, and impacts on the US and global economies.

PARKER, A. 2004. Mapping Europe's Offshore Spending Impact. Forrester 7 (July).

The article provides an analysis of offshoring in Europe. Offshoring will continue to grow rapidly in Europe with the United Kingdom the largest client country and India the overwhelming supplier. France and Germany will look increasingly to nearshore options such as Spain, the Czech Republic, Russia, and Tunisia. These results are based on interviews of 247 user company executives and 19 offshore providers. Offshoring is threatening Europe's own IT service providers. Forrester projects flat or declining revenues, strong pressure on service pricing, and little opportunity for technology-led business growth. Application services, call centers, and BPO are all being outsourced. What is outsourced from Europe will track what is outsourced from the United States, but Europe will choose different geographic locations for its vendors. Ireland and the United Kingdom will do the most offshoring, Benelux and Scandinavia will increase its offshoring, Germany and France will move slowly because of politics and trade unions, and southern Europe will be providers as well as buyers. France will turn away from India to other French-speaking countries. Other nearshore suppliers and China will be increasingly important. The big open question is what effect the politicians and trade unions will have in disrupting this pattern.

PEOPLE'S DAILY 2005. Survey on China's Software Employees. (May). (Available at www.china.org.cn/english/scitech/128010.htm. Accessed Sept.).

The article is based on a survey of 4400 people by the China Youth Software Promotion Project. "The survey answered why China lacks qualified software personnel. A backward education system produced students weak in programming capability, while enterprises employing them have been unwilling to provide relevant training. Meanwhile, China lacks special institutions to train managerial staff for software development. The result is software students can hardly find employers to accept them, while companies have difficulty in recruiting qualified programmers."

PEOPLE'S DAILY ONLINE 2004. SAP Vows To Enhance R&D Capacity In China. (Dec.). (Available at english.people.com.cn/200412/15/eng20041215_167405.html. Accessed Aug. 2005).

From the article. German software giant SAP is to greatly boost its research and development team in China to serve local demands and also work as a global development base as the company's expansion in the world's most populous market enters a new stage. Shang-Ling Jui, managing director of SAP Labs China, said in an interview that his organization is building a new campus in Shanghai which will host all SAP research units in the city when it is completed. The new campus will have 1,500 engineers by 2009 compared to the current 200 researchers with SAP China.

PEPPER, S. 1996. Radicalism and Education Reform in 20th-Century China. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

From Amazon.com. In 1976, China's education revolution was being hailed by foreign observers as an inspiration for all low-income countries. By 1980, the Chinese themselves had disavowed the experience, declaring it devoid of even a single redeeming virtue. This is the first comprehensive book to cover the whole sweep of twentieth-century Chinese education, and in particular to provide a detailed study of what occurred in the countryside under the radical Maoist education experiments of the Cultural Revolution.

PERALTE, P.C. AND FERRIS, S. 2003. Mexico Claims ChoicePoint Stepped Across the Line. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (April 27).

ChoicePoint collected dossiers on millions of citizens in 10 Latin American countries for the US government. ChoicePoint found itself the target of growing criticism abroad and investigations were initiated in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Mexico over whether privacy laws were violated. ChoicePoint purchased the voter registration data of 65 million Mexican voters and 6 million Mexico City licensed drivers in 2001. It also bought databases containing the names, ages, and, in some cases, the physical descriptions of citizens of Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. ChoicePoint contends that the data was public and legally obtained.

PETERSON, A. 2002. EU Report Reveals Holes in US Safe Harbor Agreement. Privacy Laws & Business, International Newsletter (Jan.). (Available at www.privacyexchange.org/tbdi/EU PDR/pedersenarticle.html).).

Description from the Web site. A European Commission progress report for 2001 has revealed a number of flaws in the US Safe Harbor Agreement, a scheme which aims to provide protection for the transfer of individuals' personal data from EU member states to organizations in the US. The Staff Working Paper, submitted to the European Parliament last week, highlights the fact that few organizations (154 to date) have signed on to the scheme. Of those that have, over 50 percent are failing to comply with all of the required principles for ensuring adequate data protection. The Commission has also identified that some organizations lack transparency in their privacy statements, leaving customers with little or no information as to what is done with their data. Further doubt has also been cast over the effectiveness of enforcement procedures with the suggestion that organizations failing to comply with their obligations are unlikely to be prosecuted.

PIERRA, R. E. 2001. Botched Name Purge Denied Some the Right to Vote. Washington Post (May 31) A01.

From the article. The Tampa residents were among hundreds, perhaps thousands, of non-felons in Florida who civil rights lawyers contend were wrongly prevented from voting in the Nov. 7 election after state election officials and a private contractor bungled an attempt to cleanse felons from voter rolls. The effort was so riddled with errors that a more precise tally will probably never be possible. But it is clear that at least 2,000 felons whose voting rights had been automatically restored in other states were kept off the rolls and, in many cases, denied the right to vote.

PINK, D. H. 2002. The New Face of the Silicon Age: How India Became the Capital of the Computing Revolution. Wired (Dec.).

The article gives a snapshot of what the daily lives of programmers and programming managers in India are like. It discusses the attitudes of Indian programmers towards the perceived job loss in America and what it means for individual programmers there. The article also discusses the anger of displaced workers in the United States and some of the organizations they have formed: Rescue American Jobs Foundation, Coalition for National Sovereignty and Economic Patriotism, Organization for the Rights of American Workers, Information Technology Professional Association of America. There is also a short profile of NJ State Senator Shirley Turner, who has introduced legislation to ban outsourcing of any state contracts to foreign countries and, in doing so, has become a hero of the protectionists. The article points the reader to Web sites such as yourjobisgoingtoindia.com and nojobsforindia.com

POLLACK, A. 2005. Medical Companies Joining Offshore Trend. New York Times (Feb. 24).

The article provides an overview of the increasing use of offshoring of medical technology, especially to India. So far, only about 6% of US companies with biotechnology operations have sent work offshore, and there may be less pressure to do so because of the much higher profit margins in the biomedical fields than in the IT field. Some of the work that is beginning to be offshored includes clinical trials of new drugs, drug manufacturing, back-laboratory benchwork, and embryonic stem cell research (which is restricted in the United States). Another reason that offshoring has been limited is the desire of pharmaceutical companies to be near the research community, for example, Novartis moving to Cambridge, MA.

POLLICE, G. 2005. Software Engineering in China: The Next Big Thing. (May 15). (Available at www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/may05/pollice/. Accessed Sept.).

Abstract from the paper. China is gearing up to become a serious contender for American and European software development outsourcing contracts. This column reports on what the Chinese government - and the country's universities and businesses - are doing to train professionals and upgrade domestic software development practices.

PRAHALAD, C.K , AND HAMEL, G. 1990. The Core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Business Review 68, 3 (May-June) 79-93.

Description from Harvard Business Review. A company's competitiveness derives from its core competencies and core products. Core competence is the collective learning in the organization, especially the capacity to coordinate diverse production skills and integrate streams of technologies. First companies must identify core competencies which provide potential access to a wide variety of markets, make a contribution to the customer benefits of the product, and are difficult for competitors to imitate. Next companies must reorganize to learn from alliances and focus on internal development. (McKinsey Award Winner)

PREEG, E. H. 2005. The Emerging Chinese Advanced Technology Superstate. China's High-Technology Development. Statement Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Palo Alto, CA (April 21).

The author is a Senior Fellow in Trade and Productivity at the Manufacturers Alliance/MAPI. This testimony was based on a forthcoming study entitled The Emerging Chinese Advanced Technology Superstate. The testimony begins with an analytic assessment of China's current technological state and its trajectory of technological development. The author claims that China is rapidly developing into an advanced technology super-state with economic, technological, financial, and political power and that this is occurring because China has all the essential ingredients to make this happen: a large domestic market; large public expenditures for research and development, education, and infrastructure; a competitive private sector; and open trade and investment policy. The second part of the paper recommends US policy responses, including issues concerning currency manipulation, bilateral trade and investment policy, and means to prevent China from forming a preferential East Asian trading bloc that locks out the United States. There are several brief discussions of information technology in the testimony, but the paper is more relevant in giving a larger assessment of China's technological opportunities and capabilities.

THE PRESS TRUST OF INDIA 2004. Outsourcing Extends to Many Professions, Not Only Call Centers. The Press Trust of India, Washington, DC (March 23).

The article offers a smattering of facts about offshoring in India. Offshoring to India includes not only call centers, but also medical sector processing such as insurance claims and hospital bills, medical transcription, medical billing, animation, insurance, digitization (converting engineering drawings, architectural designs, and maps from paper to digital format), desktop publishing, telemarketing, financial analysis for Wall Street banks and insurance companies, and accounting and bookkeeping. About 10% of US medical transcription has been outsourced to India, Pakistan, Canada, and other countries according to the American Association of Medical Transcription. Salaries for Indian workers in high-demand fields are increasing rapidly. Regulation tasks, such as reading X-rays and other images for US hospitals, is limited because they require training and licensing in the United States.

THE PRESS TRUST OF INDIA 2005. We are Ahead of India: China. The Press Trust of India (May 9).

A senior Chinese official from the ministry of information industry reported that in 2004 China's software industry reached 230 billion yuan ($27.8 billion), larger than India or Korea and 2.8 times the size of the industry in China five years earlier. Over the past five years, China has improved finance, taxation, industrial technology, export, income allocation, professional training, and purchase and protection of intellectual property rights in order to develop its software and integrated circuit activities. Software export is up six-fold in five years, to $2.8 billion in 2004. Problems for China include rigid education at universities and lack of on-the-job training.

PRESTOWITZ, C. 2005. Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East. Basic Books, New York NY.

From Publishers Weekly (as quoted on amazon.com). Ex-Reagan administration trade official Prestowitz follows up his critique of U.S. unilateralist foreign policy in Rogue Nation with this perceptive diagnosis of the nation's economic decline under globalization. While China and India focus on trade and industrial policies and turn out competent workers who put in long hours at a fraction of American wages, the U.S., Prestowitz argues, struggles with crushing trade and budget deficits, a zero savings rate, failing schools, dwindling investments in scientific training and research, a collapsing dollar and a debt-dependent economy that will face an "economic 9/11" once foreign creditors bail out. The argument echoes Thomas Friedman's book The World Is Flat, but Prestowitz's analysis is more thoughtful than Friedman's pro-globalization cheerleading. He criticizes from firsthand experience Washington's cavalier embrace of free trade and aversion to industrial policy ("they'll sell us semi-conductors and we'll sell them poetry," notes one Reagan administration economist) and argues cogently that the research and development apparatus and high-tech entrepreneurship that is supposed to save America's economy is likely instead to follow the manufacturing base offshore. It's a lucid and sobering forecast.

PRISM ECONOMICS AND ANALYSIS 2004. Trends in the Offshoring of IT Jobs. Software Human Resources Council, Ottawa, Canada.

Description from the Web site. This study reviews published literature on the subject and is one in a series of reports prepared for SHRC as part of its ongoing work to better understand the Canadian IT labor market. The release of the study marks the start of what SHRC plans to be a constructive dialogue on offshore outsourcing with key players in Canada's IT sector.

PRNEWSWIRE 2003. Back to the Future as North West Faces Severe Service Sector Jobs Haemorrhage. (Sept.).

This press release on behalf of Amicus, the United Kingdom's largest financial and insurance sector union, warns of the potential loss of tens of thousands of call center and back office jobs in major insurance companies in the northwestern part of the United Kingdom due to offshoring to India.

PRUITT, S. 2005. Employee Can Benefit From Outsourcing, Poll Shows. Computerworld (Jan. 12).

This brief article reports on a survey of 200 employees in large organizations in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, and Germany before, during, and after their jobs were outsourced (not necessarily across national boundaries). While remuneration, benefits, and retraining were important, at the top of the list was good communication from the employer. Also important was a chance for the employee to voice concerns, typically through their labor representative.

PULIYENTHURUTHEL, J. AND ROCKS, D. 2005. The Soft Underbelly of Offshoring. Business Week (April 25).

This brief article describes the arrest of several employees of the Indian offshoring company MphasiS who used their position working for a call center supporting US customers of Citibank to bilk funds from the accounts of four of these customers. The article talks about the risk that this creates to the Indian offshore industry and to their American clients and the customers of these clients. The problem of heavy turnover in call center workers is thought to be contributing to the problems of screening, training, and security.

PUZZANGHERA, J. 2005. Bush's High-Tech Report Card. SiliconValley.com (July 25). The article discusses Silicon Valley's attitude towards the Bush administration. One Republican who is an industry lobbyist stated anonymously, "I certainly can't say this has been a high-tech administration." Rep. Anna Eshoo (D-CA) stated, "they are rudderless and visionless" on high technology. Partly responsible may be the hands-off economic policy and the need to deal with 9-11. And, partly it is because the administration's senior staff is dominated by people from old economy fields such as oil (Bush, Cheney, Donald Evans). Silicon Valley likes the Bush administration on class-action lawsuit reform making education a high priority and pushing free trade. They particularly dislike the Bush administration's policy positions on access to broadband service, not providing more research funding for the physical sciences, and accounting rules on stock options.