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SABHERWAL, R. 1999. The Role of Trust in Outsourced IS Development Projects. Communications of the ACM 42, 2 (Feb.) 80-86.

The article is not about offshoring but rather about the importance of building up trust between client and vendor. The article is based on an examination of 18 cases of outsourced IS development (13 from the vendor's perspective). The paper describes four kinds of trust: (1) calculus-based trust, rooted in the rewards and punishment structures of the project; (2) knowledge-based trust, depending on the parties knowing one another well; (3) identification-based trust, built on the two parties identifying with each other's goals; and (4) performance-based trust, built upon early successes which help to build further cooperation and trust.

SAHAY, S., NICHOLSON, B. AND KRISHNA, S. 2003. Global IT Outsourcing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

From Amazon.com. This book offers key insights into how to manage software development across international boundaries. It is based on a series of case studies looking at the relationships between firms from North America, the UK, Japan and Korea with Indian software houses. In these case studies, which have typically been compiled over a 3-4 year timespan, the authors analyze the multi-faceted challenges encountered in managing Global Software Alliances (GSAs). The challenges range from the conflicts that managers face when dealing with distance, to the tensions of transferring knowledge across time and space, to issues in trying to establish universal standards in a context of constant change, and the problems of identity that developers and clients experience in having to deal with different organizations and countries. Throughout the book, the authors draw on their extensive research and experience to offer constructive advice on how to manage GSAs more effectively.

SAMUELSON, R. 2005. It's Not a Science Gap (Yet). Washington Post (Aug. 10) A17.

In a brief but thoughtful article, the author describes the worsening situation of the United States in comparison to other countries in production of science and engineering degrees and the slower growth of science and engineering salaries in the United States compared to salaries of other professions. The author points to the value for Americans of R&D breakthroughs made in other countries and tries to give perspective on the threat to America from the growth in scientific power of other nations.

SARGENT, J.F. AND MEARES, C.A. 2004. Workforce Globalization in the U.S. IT Services and Software Sector. Office of Technology Policy, U.S. Department of Commerce. ACM Job Migration Task Force Meeting, Washington, DC (Dec.).

Topics included trends in the globalization in the IT workforce; factors driving offshoring; brief studies of India, Ireland, and Russia; advantages for the US IT workforce; offshoring R&D; multinationals; work likely to be and work not likely to be offshored; and wage and employment trends for US IT workers.

SASAKI, T. (2004). Upgrading of IT-Based Services: Trends, Challenges, and Policy Implications. UNCTAD-ASEAN Seminar on Service FDI and Competitiveness in Asia, Kyoto, Japan (March.)

The author was at the time the chief economist for the Institute for International Trade and Investment in Japan.

SAXENIAN, A. 2003. Government and Guanxi: The Chinese Software Industry in Transition. Global Software from Emerging Markets. London Business School (May).

Description from the paper. This paper begins with a brief history of the evolution of China's science and technology system, and its information technology sector in particular to highlight the widespread institutional changes underway in the transition from a planned to a more market-oriented economy. It then focuses on the development of the Chinese software industry--the market, labor force, sources of capital, ownership and management, and its regional distribution. The analysis highlights the persistent role of non-market factors, the government and guanxi, alongside the ongoing reforms oriented toward introducing market mechanisms into the economy. The conclusion focuses on the effects on the software industry of China's entry into the WTO and on the emerging trends in an economy where the pace of change is unparalleled.

SCHAFER, M. 2004. Annual IT Staffing and Compensation Guide. Meta Group (March).

From the Meta Group Web site. The IT Staffing and Compensation Guide is a detailed compendium of the best practices necessary for managing the IT workforce effectively, trends currently impacting IT staff, and job descriptions and salary data for more than 170 positions. It includes case studies and practical information necessary for managing IT human capital, building IT leaders, developing skills and competencies, and managing the entire employee life cycle. For approved users, an online tool enables benchmarking of salary data and access to raw data.

SCHARF, J. 2004. IT Outsourcing: Between Starvation Diet and Nouvelle Cuisine. 32nd General Assembly, Association of Foreign Banks, Switzerland (June).

This slide presentation provides some basic information about the status of outsourcing work sent out of Germany and, to some extent, from the European Union. Charts include data and projections for the monetary size of the German and the European IT outsourcing markets; outsourcing contracts in insurance, financial, and banking organizations; value of outsourcing contracts to the financial services sector; and a list of offshoring regions of choice to central Europe.

SCHEIBER, N. 2004. As a Center for Outsourcing, India Could Be Losing its Edge. The New York Times (May 9).

The article discusses emerging labor shortages in the Indian IT workforce and the actions that companies are taking to reduce the effects. The strategies include parties for employees, large bonuses, salaries rising by 10% (15% for managers), an informal agreement among the top outsourcing firms not to poach employees from one another, and employment contracts that require no move within the first three months of employment. BPO companies are typically losing 15 to 20% of their workforce each year.

SCHNEIER, B. 2005. Accuracy of Commercial Data Brokers. Schneier on Security. (June). (Available at www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/06/accuracy_of_com.html).

PrivacyActivism has released a study of ChoicePoint and Acxiom, two of the US's largest data brokers. The study looks at the accuracy of information and responsiveness to requests for reports. The study found that 100% of the 11 participants discovered errors in their data, even in the most basic biographical information.

SCHWARTZ, E. 2005. Green Card Regulations Encourage Offshoring. Info World (March 29).

This brief article reports on changes in the H-1B and green card processes of the United States and the likely impact they will have on driving companies to send work offshore. The column is based on a conversation with Frida Glucoft, an immigration lawyer at Mitchell Silberberg and Knupp. Topics include the increase in the filing fee for H1-B visas, the necessity of paying extra for expedited service, impact of the Department of Labor's new Program Electronic Review Management system, and the foot-dragging of the Custom and Immigration Service to process the 20,000 new visas for people with advanced degrees from US universities.

SERAPIO, M. G.2004. International Outsourcing in Information Technology (IT): Trends, Developments, and Implications for Colorado. Colorado Institute of Technology (Nov.).

Although the beginning of the report provides general information about offshoring, the main value added is a survey of 40 senior executives in 34 Colorado companies in the financial services, IT consulting and services, software, computer equipment, telecommunications, and other industries. Using a technique similar to one used by Bardhan and Kroll for California, Serapio estimated that between 139,000 IT jobs and 197,000 jobs it total in Colorado were at risk due to offshoring, but that many fewer would actually be lost because of companies that are too small to offshore work, some companies that need to be close to their customers, and some companies that are engaged in work that is too dynamic to outsource. The author gives a good analysis of the limitations to the estimates.

SHAH, R. 2005. Ketera India Case Study. Conference on the Globalization of Services, Asia-Pacific Area Research Center, Stanford University (June).

The paper, by the vice president of engineering at Ketera, is a case study of Ketera's experience in India. Ketera began to outsource work to India in 2002 and in 2004 formed a wholly-owned subsidiary there. Some of the topics include selection of a business model, functions to offshore, selection of a city, facilitators, hiring management, challenges in recruiting, and operations challenges such as communications, attrition, and different work style from the United States.

SHAILAJA N. 2005. Higher Education Proves No Match for India's Booming Economy. Chronicle of Higher Education. (June).

The article reviews problems in the Indian higher education system that prepares students neither for jobs nor for research careers. Teaching methods are antiquated. Students must choose a field of study at age 15 and typically study nothing else thereafter. As a result of the problems with the higher education systems, increasing numbers of students are choosing not to attend university. Various reforms are being pushed by the University Grants Commission, and educational experiments are beginning to occur. Some ideas that have been proposed such as a community college system and vocational degrees run against a strongly held cultural belief in education for education's sake.

SHESHABALAYA, A. 2005. Rising Elephant: The Growing Clash With India Over White-Collar Jobs and Its Challenge to America and the World. Common Courage Press, Monroe, ME.

From a book review by Martin Kenney. The premise of this book is that the rise of the Indian economy, because it is based on software and white-collar work, is a unique challenge to the U.S. and the rest of the world economy. But the author goes much further intimating that the future is already a given, that India will soon displace the U.S. as the software capital of the world and will become the only major center of services offshoring. The remainder of the volume is a paean to all things Indian and the inexorable march of India to global leadership (dominance?).

SIDHU, I., MARVEL, M., YASSINE, A., VOJAK, B., AND HOLLIS, L. 2004. Globalization and Education. E2010 Project Report, University of Illinois Urbana-Champagne (Nov.) (Available at www.ge.uiuc.edu/tec/e2010/combined-report.pdf).

Over the course of six months, the authors conducted "in-depth pilot interviews with high ranking technology executives from different industries to understand the impact of globalization on the changing nature of engineering in the United States. The discussions centered on the job functions likely to be outsourced, and the skills that will be required of engineering roles likely to remain or grow in demand within the United States." The results of the interviews showed that each company emphasized skills beyond fundamental engineering theory which they maintained will become increasingly important with the continued effect of globalization. These skills primarily include 1) projects that integrate wider and more holistic thinking about product or service objectives and 2) softer skills including (global) teamwork and communication skills. This category potentially includes foreign languages and foreign exchange programs.

SIEMENS BUSINESS SERVICES 2005. Corporate Web site. (Available at www.siemens.com/. Accessed March).

This is a public Siemens's Web site. It provides information about the company's global operations, an overview of products and services, and access to the company's annual report.

SIGURDSON, J. 2004. The Emergence of the People's Republic of China: Challenges and Opportunities for Latin America and Asia. LAEBA Annual Conference, Beijing, China (Dec.). (Available at www.adbi.org/files/2004.12.3.cpp.prc.technological.capability.pdf. Accessed March).

From the introduction to the paper. This paper will exemplify PRC's ambitions, strategies, and results in selected industrial sectors. Textiles is an example of a traditional industry where PRC has established a strong competitive advantage not only because of its low labor costs but also by significant technological upgrading. Technology plays an even more important role in sectors such as electronics. Here PRC started with an emphasis on consumer electronics at the lower end and is now following through with a strong entry into integrated circuits at the higher end. Aircraft and supercomputer industries are provided as illustrations of sectors where the future size of the domestic market - similar to electronics - could have a strong bearing on the outcome, and where PRC already has established a strong position as a component maker for Boeing and Airbus. Finally, biotechnology will be mentioned as an example where PRC, being less of a latecomer, has decided to join the world league nations in a research domain that has great future potential.

SIM, S. 2002. Adobe Says It's Committed to China Despite Piracy. ITworld.com (Jan. 15). (Available at www.itworld.com/Tech/2418/IDG020115adobe/. Accessed Aug.).

Lead from the article. A spokeswoman for Adobe Systems Inc. said Monday that the company remains committed to developing Chinese-language versions of its products, despite comments reportedly made by its chief executive officer last week that Adobe could abandon the market because of software piracy in the region.<

SIMPSON, L. 2004. Engineering Aspects of Offshore Outsourcing. Sponsored by the National Society of Professional Engineers, Washington Internships for Students of Engineering, and the National Science Foundation.

This 82-page study provides detailed information about the offshoring of engineering work. The main focus is on licensing, trade agreements, and issues of quality such as security and safety, the training of foreign engineers and the stability of the country in which they work, and insurance issues. The report does not consider offshoring of IT, nor does it cover visa programs.

SINGH, J. 2003. Country Analysis: Mexico. (Available at www.american.edu/initeb/js5518a/Country-analysis-mexico.html. Accessed June).

This brief article describes the Mexican Information Technology (IT) outsource software services sector, stating that although the industry is quite small compared to India, Mexico has unique advantages such as proximity to the United States. However, Mexico has some disadvantages such as language barriers, lack of experience, and media exposure. The human capital, telecommunications infrastructure, government support, industry association support, and regional IT clusters are also discussed.

SINGH, S. 2005. BPO 2.0. Business World.

This news article from an Indian business magazine describes recent trends in Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO). This is higher-end offshore work that includes such tasks as analytics, equity research, data mining, paralegal services, patent writing and evaluation, preparing tax returns, and technology support for servers and networks. This work pays an hour billing premium that can be three to four times as much as typical BPO work or call centers. Problems with employee attrition, rising salaries, and commodification of call center work are discussed. Many examples of companies doing KPO are given.

SIVERS-BOYCE, N., HIBBARD, T., AND GRAY, J. 2005. Workforce Quality Goals and the Implications for Education: The Oregon Experience. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 13, 20 (March).

While not directly about offshoring, the article examines a policy initiative by the state of Oregon from 1989, "Oregon Shines: An Economic Strategy for the Pacific Century", to develop a workforce in the state that can compete in the modern technological world. The article pays particular attention to educational initiatives and measures of progress. The policy is one that might be considered for the United States in the face of offshoring challenges.

SMITH, R. 2005. Partnerships Are Important. Rediff (Aug. 24). (Available at us.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/24inter.htm. Accessed Aug.).

The article contains an interview with Richard Smith, who is vice president for the Asia-Pacific region of IBM Software. He discusses issues of size and competition, among other topics.

SOFTTEK, S.A. 2005a. Corporate Home Page.(Available at www.softtek.com. Accessed Aug.).

The page describes the Mexian software services company Softtek, a player in offshoring.

SOFTTEK S.A. 2005b. Our People..I n Their Own Words. (Available at www.softtek.com/nearshore/html/about_people.htm. Accessed Aug.).

The article provides autobiographies of five of the Mexican offshoring firm's employees.

SOLOMON, J. 2005. India Poaches U.S. Executives for Tech Jobs. The Wall Street Journal (Feb. 22) B1.

This news article describes the hiring of US high-tech executives at high salaries and bonuses to work for offshore companies in India. The recruiting is by both Indian companies and multinationals. These executive salaries pay a premium over US salaries for comparable jobs. Firms are taking advantage of the weak job market in Silicon Valley. Executives are sought both to penetrate overseas markets for Indian companies and to put into place management systems to oversee growth.

SOLOVE, D. AND HOOFNAGEL, C. 2005. A Model Regime of Privacy Protection. George Washington University Law School, Research paper #132 (March).

From the abstract. Privacy protection in the United States has often been criticized but critics have too infrequently suggested specific proposals for reform. Recently, there has been significant legislative interest at both the federal and state levels in addressing the privacy of personal information. This was sparked when ChoicePoint, one of the largest data brokers in the United States with records on almost every adult American citizen, sold data on about 145,000 people to fraudulent businesses set up by identity thieves. In the aftermath of the ChoicePoint debacle, both of us have been asked by Congressional legislative staffers, state legislative policymakers, journalists, academics, and others about what specifically should be done to better regulate information privacy. In response to these questions, we believe that it is imperative to have a discussion of concrete legislative solutions to privacy problems.

SPERLING, G. Raising the Tide and Lifting All Boats: Toward a Pro-Growth Progressive Consensus on Globalization. Progressive Politics 32, 82-88.

The author argues for developing a progressive political solution to the impacts of offshoring on the United States. One of the points that he emphasizes is the lack of new job creation more than job destruction due to offshoring. For example, during 2002 and 2003, there were 200,000 fewer jobs destroyed per quarter than in the late 1990s. Actual job loss amounts to only 0.1 to 0.2% of the US workforce per year. There are reasons to be thankful for outsourcing, for example, the large group of middle-class consumers that will eventually emerge in China and India, and we have an aging population that will eventually result in a smaller work pool. Sperling recommends six actions in his progressive platform: (1) taking job creation seriously; (2) investing in competitiveness by improving the education, research, and technology infrastructures; (3) taking education more seriously with a goal of four years of higher education for all citizens; (4) taking a preemption strategy that involves reaching out to workers in at-risk industries before they lose their jobs; (5) offering strong dislocation packages that include unemployment insurance, stronger retraining, temporary health care and mortgage assistance, and seamless systems for dealing with displaced workers; and (6) devising a new political approach that goes beyond traditional liberal and conservative views.

SRIVASTAVE, S. 2005. Could Rising Wages Diminish India's Outsourcing Edge? Siliconeer (Jan. 21).

This brief news article reports on a wage report of the Asia-Pacific Region by Hewitt Associates. The survey showed that salaries rose more in India in 2004 than in any of the other Asia-Pacific countries surveyed. Overall Indian salaries increased by 11.6%, but the IT sector had the highest growth at 14.5% (89% of the IT companies linked compensation to performance). There is concern that the rising wages, coupled with the appreciating rupee against the dollar, will undermine the low-wage advantage of doing business in India. The report also noted the high attrition rate or workers (15.4%) in India. In China, wages overall increased by 6.4 to 8.4%, and the worker attrition rate was 12.6%.

STANNARD, J. U.S. Ill-Prepared to Handle Bioterrorist Attack, Experts Warn Flu Vaccine Crisis Called Symptom Of Far Wider Problem. San Francisco Chronicle (Nov. 1).

Abstract from the Website of the Center for State Homeland Security. The manufacturing failure that has thrown the nation's flu vaccination program into chaos this season is more than a potential crisis for the millions of Americans who need protection from the virus. It is a wake-up call for a health system that is dangerously vulnerable to other epidemics, both natural and man-made, say medical experts.

STAT-USA 2004. A Year-End 2003 Summary of China Electronics Information Industry Market. (March) (Available at strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr123374e.html.. Accessed March).

From the report. According to the Information Industry Statistics Report… by the Ministry of Information Industry, during 2003, the sales revenue of China's electronic information industry reached $235 billion, an increase of 34% compared with 2002. The information technology industry has become the number one industry in China and ranks third in the world … China Center of Information Industry Development predicts that in 2004 China's IT market will continue to grow by an average rate of about 20%. In accordance with the global IT industry's recovery, China will provide good market potential for foreign IT companies.

STEINMUELLER, W. E. 1996.The U.S. Software Industry: An Analysis and Interpretive History. In D. C. Mowery Ed. The International Computer Software Industry. 25-52.

Description of book from Amazon.com: This is the first book to provide comparative research data on the software industry in three major parts of the world: the U.S., Japan, Western Europe, and the Russian Federation. It explores the reasons that some countries have had more success in software development than others. The research was conducted by a group of international experts in the software industry. [Steinmuller has written the principal article on the US software industry for this edited volume.]

STELLA, M. V. Impact of Offshore Outsourcing of Information Technology (IT) on Enterprise and Homeland Defense. Private document.

This is a position paper concerning the risks to national security through the offshoring of software development. Short-term concerns include unauthorized access to data and code, difficulty protecting proprietary/confidential information, difficulty in detecting or preventing compromises to software, and problems recognizing ongoing attacks (especially by non-government organizations such as terrorist groups). Long-term threats include a disgruntled workforce because of job loss due to outsourcing with hacking tools readily available if they wish to retaliate against their employer, and loss of research capability due to loss of foreign students through tightening immigration policies. The author calls for a national IT policy that includes training, job creation, international agreements, tariffs, tax reform, research funding, data protection, and critical infrastructure protection.

STERNSTEIN, A. 2005. Facing an Innovation Deficit. Federal Computer Week (Aug. 18).

The article presents the criticisms several organizations have lodged against the Bush Administration about underinvestment in IT research and development. A few budget details and other facts are presented. The Bush Administration's position is presented from some remarks by John Marburger, director of the White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy.

STURGEON, T.J. 1999. Network-Led Development and the Rise of Turnkey Production Networks: Technological Change and the Outsourcing of Electronics Manufacturing. In G. Gereffi, F. Palpacuer, and A. Parisotto Eds. Global Production and Local Jobs. International Institute for Labor Studies, Geneva, Switzerland.

From the paper. The intent of the chapter is to explore some of the reasons behind the emergence of turnkey contract manufacturing, and discusses the implications of this new organizational model for places that seek to foster the development of the electronics industry. I argue that the rise of turnkey contracting has created new imperatives for developing places to connect to global-scale production networks or be left out of the mainstream of industrial development. The policy rubric that responds to this new reality I have dubbed Connectwork-led development.

SWEDISH GOVERNMENT 2004. Innovative Sweden - A Strategy for Growth Through Renewal, DS 2004:36, Stockholm, Sweden.

This article discusses strategies for the long-term growth and welfare in Sweden. In order to realize growth, the article suggests establishing a climate of innovation, which will lead to new goods and services or methods of production.

SWIRE, P.S. AND STEINFELD, L. To appear. Security and Privacy After September 11: The Health Care Example. Minnesota Law Review.

The article explores the relationship between privacy and security. The article also re-examines privacy initiatives put in place before September 11 due to shifting public opinions on privacy and security since the attacks. The major initiative that is examined is the HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) of 1996. "In the wake of the September 11 attacks, for instance, we might wonder how well the HIPAA privacy rule allows for reporting to law enforcement officials about terrorist or other security threats. In the wake of the anthrax incidents from the fall of 2001, we might similarly wonder how well the public health reporting rules would work during a period of heightened security concern… This inspection of the medical privacy rule is distinctly heartening, as is the conclusion in this article that implementing security can provide a useful opportunity to implement privacy. The statutory call for privacy protection in HIPAA was a result of an understanding in Congress that the shift to electronic medical records required that security and privacy be built in at the same time, as part of a unified upgrading of medical information systems. To an extent not often enough realized to date, this upgrading of systems means that we more often face a situation of security and privacy, working together, than we might otherwise have suspected."

SYMANTEC INTERNET SECURITY THREAT REPORT 2004. Threats for Jan. 2004 to June 2004. 3. (Available at http://enterprisesecurity.symantec.com/ contnet.cfm?articleid=1539).

Description from the Web site. The Symantec Internet Security Threat Report is an analysis and discussion of Internet security activity over the past six months. It covers Internet attacks, vulnerabilities, malicious code, and future trends. Over the last six months of 2004, phishing developed into a serious security risk. Attackers also increasingly targeted Web applications. Symantec documented 1,403 new vulnerabilities, an increase of 13% over the first six months of 2004. Organizations received an average of 13.6 attacks per day, up from 10.6 in the previous six months. 97% of vulnerabilities disclosed were rated as moderately or highly severe. In the near future, Symantec expects more damaging malicious code to be developed for mobile devices.