DALTON, D. AND SERAPIO, M. 1993, Foreign R&D Facilities in the United States. Research Technology Management. (Available at http://www.technology.gov/Reports/report2.pdf).

From the report's executive summary. This report, an expanded and updated version of our earlier study, sheds important light on the magnitude, nature, and scope of this investment (see Dalton and Serapio 1995). It also explores the major factors influencing the location decisions of foreign R&D facilities in the United States. This information is important in increasing our understanding of the dynamics of R&D as well as the flow of high-value-added jobs.

DALTON, D. H., SERAPIO, M., AND YOSHIDA, P.G. 1999. Globalizing Industrial Research and Development. US Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, Office of Technology Policy, (Sept. 1999).

This is a follow-up to a study from the early 1990s on the growth of the global research and development enterprise. The report considers both foreign companies that operate R&D facilities in the United States and US companies that operate R&D facilities in other countries. It considers the magnitude, nature, and scope of these research investments, explains what they hope to gain from them, and analyzes why they choose particular geographic regions for their R&D facilities. Appendices provide lists of foreign-owned R&D facilities organized by country and by industry and US R&D facilities abroad organized by country and industry. This report sets the baseline for the changes that occur in the offshoring of IT research since 2000.

ENGARDIO, P. AND EINHORN, B. 2005. Outsourcing Innovation. BusinessWeek Online (March 21).

The article describes the movement of research and development for the consumer electronics industry to India, China, and other Asian countries. Although this article is not directly pertinent to this report, it identifies trends that might also pertain to R&D in the software industry. Some of the topics include the determination of what is core proprietary knowledge that is to be developed in-house, and what is commodity technology that is to be offshored; the competitive pressure to hold costs down by simply purchasing completely designed products from Asian offshorers rather than working with them to customize the client firm's design (especially in consumer electronics hardware); the shrinking of corporate R&D budgets as a way to trim costs; the demand from national retailers for product companies to offer full product lines with fresh products at every price point (thus representing a substantial R&D investment for products with short shelf life); and the economic risks of high sunk costs in the design of new consumer products for a fickle public.

FRAUENHEIM, E. AND YAMAMOTO, M. 2004. Reforms, Not Rhetoric, Needed to Keep Jobs on U.S. Soil. CNET news.com (May 4).

The article argues that R&D and continued innovation is what will keep the US economy healthy and keep IT work in the United States. The article focuses on three areas that will keep advanced R&D in the United States: education reform, professional retraining, and research investment. There is some discussion of various political proposals in each of these areas both by people from the professional and business communities and from legislators. The article also has sidebars that give a picture of the current status of federal and state legislation and executive orders to keep jobs at home.

HAMM, S. 2005. A Brain Trust in Bangalore. Business Week Online (July 29).

This brief article discusses the research laboratory opened by Princeton-based Sarnoff Corporation in Bangalore. It mentions the distributed working environment and some issues about the culture of the research lab. Brief comparisons are given with some other US-based companies opening research labs in India.

HARSHA, P. 2005. Thoughts on the Science Gap and the Appeal of Computing. Computing Research Policy Blog (Aug. 11). (Available at http://www.cra.org/govaffairs/blog/archives/000393.html).

This commentary on an op-ed article by Washington Post columnist Robert Samuelson (also in this bibliography) largely agrees with Samuelson. It then goes on to discuss both the hostile culture for attracting foreigners to study and work in the United States and the image problem that is partly responsible for low numbers of US students choosing to study computing. Some recent efforts to address this image problem are described.

HUANG, G.T. 2004. The World's Hottest Computer Lab. Technology Review (June) (Available at http://www.techreview.com/articles/04/06/huang0604.asp. Accessed March).

This is a human interest story that describes the operations, research, and enthusiasm of a Microsoft Research Lab in China. The Beijing lab is a key part of Microsoft's effort to ensure its global future through research by tapping into and targeting the Asian market. A senior vice president of Microsoft Research is reported as saying that is it interesting how much of the research directed at the Asian market place is generally applicable globally.

MICROSOFT RESEARCH TECH FAIR 2005. Panel Discussion. Library of Congress, Washington, DC. (April 27).

This is the transcript of a panel discussion held by the Library of Congress in connection with the Microsoft Research Tech Fair 2005. The moderator was James Fallows (The Atlantic Monthly). Panelists were Phillip Bond (Under Secretary for Technology, US Department of Commerce), Rep. David Dreier (R-CA), Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT), Bill Gates and Rick Rashid (Microsoft), and Shirley Tilghman (President, Princeton University). The topic was the state of innovation in the United States today. Topics included educational investment, dwindling interest in science and engineering, loss of relative economic position for the nation, foreign students, failing K-12 system, visa issues for students and scientists, federal investment in research and development and in particular the under-investment in the physical sciences, the value of globalization, H1-B visas, R&D advances in China and India, DARPA not funding risk-taking research, long-term as well as short-term investment, creating an innovation climate in the United States, and bringing more women into the sciences and engineering.

NICHOLSON, A. 2004. Intel Adds Russian Research Centers. St. Petersburg Times (May 28). (Available at http://www.sptimes.ru/archive/times/972/news/b_12585.htm.

Intel, the world's leading maker of microchips, has hired some 600 Russian computer specialists. The plan increases Intel's Russian ranks to 1,000 people. An Intel spokesperson stated that this deal makes Russia an important R&D center for Intel. Intel chose not to outsource the work to a Russian firm but to hire the workers as Intel employees.

XINHUA NEWS AGENCY 2003. IBM Launches R&D Center in Dalian. (Feb.). (Available at http://www.china.org.cn/english/BAT/55333.htm).

This brief article states that IBM entered the Chinese Dalian Software Park where they signed a contract to set up a joint research and development research center. The R&D center will largely deal with contracts from Japan.

ZEDTWITZ, M. VON. 2004. Managing Foreign R&D Laboratories in China. R&D Management 34, 4, 439-452.

From the paper's abstract. Traditionally, international R&D is a phenomenon of firms originating from advanced countries such as North America, Europe, and Japan. Based on the analysis of 1269 R&D locations, a new research framework is proposed that accounts for the increasing share of R&D toward or from developing countries. Investigating technology-intensive Chinese firms, motivations, strategies, and barriers to R&D internationalization are analyzed. The paper proposes two concepts of international R&D: "innovation capability enhancing" and "innovation capability exploiting", respectively, denoting superimposed networks that allow the absorption and implementation of new technologies.