Copyright 2007, by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permission to republish from: Publications Dept., ACM, Inc. Fax +1 (212) 869-0481 or E-mail permissions@acm.org. A. General Literature A.0 GENERAL Biographies/autobiographies Conference proceedings General literary works (e.g., fiction, plays) A.1 INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY A.2 REFERENCE (e.g., dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries) A.m MISCELLANEOUS B. Hardware B.0 GENERAL B.1 CONTROL STRUCTURES AND MICROPROGRAMMING (D.3.2) B.1.0 General B.1.1 Control Design Styles Hardwired control** Microprogrammed logic arrays** Writable control store** B.1.2 Control Structure Performance Analysis and Design Aids Automatic synthesis** Formal models** Simulation** B.1.3 Control Structure Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance** (B.8) Diagnostics** Error-checking** Redundant design** Test generation** B.1.4 Microprogram Design Aids (D.2.2, D.2.4, D.3.2, D.3.4) Firmware engineering** Languages and compilers Machine-independent microcode generation** Optimization Verification** B.1.5 Microcode Applications Direct data manipulation** Firmware support of operating systems/instruction sets** Instruction set interpretation Peripheral control** Special-purpose** B.1.m Miscellaneous B.2 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC STRUCTURES B.2.0 General B.2.1 Design Styles (C.1.1-2) Calculator** Parallel Pipeline B.2.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids** (B.8) Simulation** Verification** Worst-case analysis** B.2.3 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance** (B.8) Diagnostics** Error-checking** Redundant design** Test generation** B.2.4 High-Speed Arithmetic (NEW) Algorithms (NEW) Cost/performance (NEW) B.2.m Miscellaneous B.3 MEMORY STRUCTURES B.3.0 General B.3.1 Semiconductor Memories (NEW) (B.7.1) Dynamic memory (DRAM) (NEW) Read-only memory (ROM) (NEW) Static memory (SRAM) (NEW) B.3.2 Design Styles (D.4.2) Associative memories Cache memories Interleaved memories** Mass storage (e.g., magnetic, optical, RAID) (REVISED) Primary memory Sequential-access memory** Shared memory Virtual memory B.3.3 Performance Analysis and Design Aids** (B.8, C.4) Formal models** Simulation** Worst-case analysis** B.3.4 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance** (B.8) Diagnostics** Error-checking** Redundant design** Test generation** B.3.m Miscellaneous B.4 INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS B.4.0 General B.4.1 Data Communications Devices Processors** Receivers (e.g., voice, data, image)** Transmitters** B.4.2 Input/Output Devices Channels and controllers Data terminals and printers Image display Voice B.4.3 Interconnections (Subsystems) Asynchronous/synchronous operation Fiber optics Interfaces Parallel I/O (NEW) Physical structures (e.g., backplanes, cables, chip carriers)** Topology (e.g., bus, point-to-point) B.4.4 Performance Analysis and Design Aids** (B.8) Formal models** Simulation** Verification** Worst-case analysis** B.4.5 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance** (B.8) Built-in tests** Diagnostics** Error-checking** Hardware reliability** Redundant design** Test generation** B.4.m Miscellaneous B.5 REGISTER-TRANSFER-LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION B.5.0 General B.5.1 Design Arithmetic and logic units Control design Data-path design Memory design Styles (e.g., parallel, pipeline, special-purpose) B.5.2 Design Aids Automatic synthesis Hardware description languages Optimization Simulation Verification B.5.3 Reliability and Testing** (B.8) Built-in tests** Error-checking** Redundant design** Test generation** Testability** B.5.m Miscellaneous B.6 LOGIC DESIGN B.6.0 General B.6.1 Design Styles Cellular arrays and automata Combinational logic Logic arrays Memory control and access** Memory used as logic** Parallel circuits Sequential circuits B.6.2 Reliability and Testing** (B.8) Built-in tests** Error-checking** Redundant design** Test generation** Testability** B.6.3 Design Aids Automatic synthesis Hardware description languages Optimization Simulation Switching theory Verification B.6.m Miscellaneous B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS B.7.0 General B.7.1 Types and Design Styles Advanced technologies Algorithms implemented in hardware Gate arrays Input/output circuits Memory technologies Microprocessors and microcomputers Standard cells** VLSI (very large scale integration) B.7.2 Design Aids Graphics Layout Placement and routing Simulation Verification B.7.3 Reliability and Testing** (B.8) Built-in tests** Error-checking** Redundant design** Test generation** Testability** B.7.m Miscellaneous B.8 PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY (C.4) (NEW) B.8.0 General (NEW) B.8.1 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance (NEW) B.8.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids (NEW) B.8.m Miscellaneous (NEW) B.m MISCELLANEOUS Design management C. Computer Systems Organization C.0 GENERAL Hardware/software interfaces Instruction set design (e.g., RISC, CISC, VLIW) (REVISED) Modeling of computer architecture (NEW) System architectures Systems specification methodology C.1 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES C.1.0 General C.1.1 Single Data Stream Architectures Multiple-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (MISD)** Pipeline processors** RISC/CISC, VLIW architectures (NEW) Single-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (SISD)** Von Neumann architectures** C.1.2 Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors) Array and vector processors Associative processors Connection machines Interconnection architectures (e.g., common bus, multiport memory, crossbar switch) Multiple-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (MIMD) Parallel processors** Pipeline processors** Single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (SIMD) C.1.3 Other Architecture Styles Adaptable architectures Analog computers (NEW) Capability architectures** Cellular architecture (e.g., mobile) (REVISED) Data-flow architectures Heterogeneous (hybrid) systems (NEW) High-level language architectures** Neural nets Pipeline processors (NEW) Stack-oriented processors** C.1.4 Parallel Architectures (NEW) Distributed architectures (NEW) Mobile processors (NEW) C.1.m Miscellaneous Analog computers** Hybrid systems** C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS C.2.0 General Data communications Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI) Security and protection (e.g., firewalls) (REVISED) C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) (NEW) Centralized networks** Circuit-switching networks Distributed networks Frame relay networks (NEW) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Network communications Network topology Packet-switching networks (REVISED) Store and forward networks Wireless communication (NEW) C.2.2 Network Protocols Applications (SMTP, FTP, etc.) (NEW) Protocol architecture (OSI model) (REVISED) Protocol verification Routing protocols (NEW) C.2.3 Network Operations Network management Network monitoring Public networks C.2.4 Distributed Systems Client/server (NEW) Distributed applications Distributed databases Network operating systems C.2.5 Local and Wide-Area Networks (REVISED) Access schemes Buses Ethernet (e.g., CSMA/CD) (NEW) High-speed (e.g., FDDI, fiber channel, ATM) (NEW) Internet (e.g., TCP/IP) (NEW) Token rings (REVISED) C.2.6 Internetworking (C.2.2) (NEW) Routers (NEW) Standards (e.g., TCP/IP) (NEW) C.2.m Miscellaneous C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS (J.7) Microprocessor/microcomputer applications Process control systems Real-time and embedded systems (REVISED) Signal processing systems Smartcards (NEW) C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS Design studies Fault tolerance (NEW) Measurement techniques Modeling techniques Performance attributes Reliability, availability, and serviceability C.5 COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION C.5.0 General C.5.1 Large and Medium (``Mainframe'') Computers Super (very large) computers C.5.2 Minicomputers** C.5.3 Microcomputers Microprocessors Personal computers Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants) (NEW) Workstations C.5.4 VLSI Systems C.5.5 Servers (NEW) C.5.m Miscellaneous C.m MISCELLANEOUS D. Software D.0 GENERAL D.1 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES (E) D.1.0 General D.1.1 Applicative (Functional) Programming D.1.2 Automatic Programming (I.2.2) D.1.3 Concurrent Programming Distributed programming Parallel programming D.1.4 Sequential Programming D.1.5 Object-oriented Programming D.1.6 Logic Programming D.1.7 Visual Programming D.1.m Miscellaneous D.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (K.6.3) D.2.0 General (K.5.1) Protection mechanisms Standards D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications (D.3.1) Elicitation methods (e.g., rapid prototyping, interviews, JAD) (NEW) Languages Methodologies (e.g., object-oriented, structured) (REVISED) Tools D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques (REVISED) Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Decision tables Evolutionary prototyping (NEW) Flow charts Modules and interfaces Object-oriented design methods (NEW) Petri nets Programmer workbench** Software libraries State diagrams (NEW) Structured programming** Top-down programming** User interfaces D.2.3 Coding Tools and Techniques (REVISED) Object-oriented programming (NEW) Pretty printers Program editors Reentrant code** Standards Structured programming (NEW) Top-down programming (NEW) D.2.4 Software/Program Verification (F.3.1) (REVISED) Assertion checkers Class invariants (NEW) Correctness proofs Formal methods (NEW) Model checking (NEW) Programming by contract (NEW) Reliability Statistical methods (NEW) Validation D.2.5 Testing and Debugging Code inspections and walk-throughs Debugging aids Diagnostics Distributed debugging (NEW) Dumps** Error handling and recovery Monitors Symbolic execution Testing tools (e.g., data generators, coverage testing) (REVISED) Tracing D.2.6 Programming Environments Graphical environments (NEW) Integrated environments (NEW) Interactive environments (REVISED) Programmer workbench (NEW) D.2.7 Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (REVISED) Corrections** Documentation Enhancement** Extensibility** Portability Restructuring, reverse engineering, and reengineering (REVISED) Version control D.2.8 Metrics (D.4.8) Complexity measures Performance measures Process metrics (NEW) Product metrics (NEW) Software science** D.2.9 Management (K.6.3, K.6.4) Copyrights** Cost estimation Life cycle Productivity Programming teams Software configuration management Software process models (e.g., CMM, ISO, PSP) (NEW) Software quality assurance (SQA) Time estimation D.2.10 Design** (D.2.2) Methodologies** Representation** D.2.11 Software Architectures (NEW) Data abstraction (NEW) Domain-specific architectures (NEW) Information hiding (NEW) Languages (e.g., description, interconnection, definition) (NEW) Patterns (e.g., client/server, pipeline, blackboard) (NEW) D.2.12 Interoperability (NEW) Data mapping (NEW) Distributed objects (NEW) Interface definition languages (NEW) D.2.13 Reusable Software (NEW) Domain engineering (NEW) Reusable libraries (NEW) Reuse models (NEW) D.2.m Miscellaneous Rapid prototyping** Reusable software** D.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES D.3.0 General Standards D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory (D.2.1, F.3.1-2, F.4.2-3) Semantics Syntax D.3.2 Language Classifications Applicative (functional) languages (REVISED) Concurrent, distributed, and parallel languages Constraint and logic languages (NEW) Data-flow languages Design languages Extensible languages Macro and assembly languages Microprogramming languages** Multiparadigm languages (NEW) Nondeterministic languages** Nonprocedural languages** Object-oriented languages Specialized application languages Very high-level languages D.3.3 Language Constructs and Features (E.2) Abstract data types Classes and objects (NEW) Concurrent programming structures Constraints (NEW) Control structures Coroutines Data types and structures Dynamic storage management Frameworks (NEW) Inheritance (NEW) Input/output Modules, packages Patterns (NEW) Polymorphism (NEW) Procedures, functions, and subroutines Recursion D.3.4 Processors Code generation Compilers Debuggers (NEW) Incremental compilers (NEW) Interpreters Memory management (garbage collection) (NEW) Optimization Parsing Preprocessors Retargetable compilers (NEW) Run-time environments Translator writing systems and compiler generators D.3.m Miscellaneous D.4 OPERATING SYSTEMS (C) D.4.0 General D.4.1 Process Management Concurrency Deadlocks Multiprocessing/multiprogramming/multitasking (REVISED) Mutual exclusion Scheduling Synchronization Threads (NEW) D.4.2 Storage Management Allocation/deallocation strategies Distributed memories Garbage collection (NEW) Main memory Secondary storage Segmentation** Storage hierarchies Swapping** Virtual memory D.4.3 File Systems Management (E.5) Access methods Directory structures Distributed file systems File organization Maintenance** D.4.4 Communications Management (C.2) Buffering Input/output Message sending Network communication Terminal management** D.4.5 Reliability Backup procedures Checkpoint/restart Fault-tolerance Verification D.4.6 Security and Protection (K.6.5) Access controls Authentication Cryptographic controls Information flow controls Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses) Security kernels** Verification** D.4.7 Organization and Design Batch processing systems** Distributed systems Hierarchical design** Interactive systems Real-time systems and embedded systems D.4.8 Performance (C.4, D.2.8, I.6) Measurements Modeling and prediction Monitors Operational analysis Queueing theory Simulation Stochastic analysis D.4.9 Systems Programs and Utilities Command and control languages Linkers** Loaders** Window managers D.4.m Miscellaneous D.m MISCELLANEOUS Software psychology** E. Data E.0 GENERAL E.1 DATA STRUCTURES Arrays Distributed data structures (NEW) Graphs and networks (REVISED) Lists, stacks, and queues (REVISED) Records (NEW) Tables** Trees E.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS Composite structures** Contiguous representations** Hash-table representations Linked representations Object representation (NEW) Primitive data items** E.3 DATA ENCRYPTION Code breaking (NEW) Data encryption standard (DES)** Public key cryptosystems Standards (e.g., DES, PGP, RSA) (NEW) E.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY (H.1.1) Data compaction and compression Error control codes Formal models of communication Nonsecret encoding schemes** E.5 FILES (D.4.3, F.2.2, H.2) Backup/recovery Optimization** Organization/structure Sorting/searching E.m MISCELLANEOUS F. Theory of Computation F.0 GENERAL F.1 COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES F.1.0 General F.1.1 Models of Computation (F.4.1) Automata (e.g., finite, push-down, resource-bounded) Bounded-action devices (e.g., Turing machines, random access machines) Computability theory Relations between models Self-modifying machines (e.g., neural networks) Unbounded-action devices (e.g., cellular automata, circuits, networks of machines) F.1.2 Modes of Computation Alternation and nondeterminism Interactive and reactive computation (REVISED) Online computation Parallelism and concurrency Probabilistic computation Relations among modes** Relativized computation F.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes (F.2) (REVISED) Complexity hierarchies Machine-independent complexity** Reducibility and completeness Relations among complexity classes Relations among complexity measures F.1.m Miscellaneous F.2 ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY (B.6-7, F.1.3) F.2.0 General F.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems (G.1, G.4, I.1) Computation of transforms (e.g., fast Fourier transform) Computations in finite fields Computations on matrices Computations on polynomials Number-theoretic computations (e.g., factoring, primality testing) F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems (E.2-5, G.2, H.2-3) Complexity of proof procedures Computations on discrete structures Geometrical problems and computations Pattern matching Routing and layout Sequencing and scheduling Sorting and searching F.2.3 Tradeoffs between Complexity Measures (F.1.3) F.2.m Miscellaneous F.3 LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS F.3.0 General F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs (D.2.1, D.2.4, D.3.1, E.1) Assertions Invariants Logics of programs Mechanical verification Pre- and post-conditions Specification techniques F.3.2 Semantics of Programming Languages (D.3.1) Algebraic approaches to semantics Denotational semantics Operational semantics Partial evaluation (NEW) Process models (NEW) Program analysis (NEW) F.3.3 Studies of Program Constructs (D.3.2-3) Control primitives Functional constructs Object-oriented constructs (NEW) Program and recursion schemes Type structure F.3.m Miscellaneous F.4 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES F.4.0 General F.4.1 Mathematical Logic (F.1.1, I.2.2-4) Computability theory Computational logic Lambda calculus and related systems Logic and constraint programming (REVISED) Mechanical theorem proving Modal logic (NEW) Model theory Proof theory Recursive function theory Set theory (NEW) Temporal logic (NEW) F.4.2 Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems (D.3.1) Decision problems Grammar types (e.g., context-free, context-sensitive) Parallel rewriting systems (e.g., developmental systems, L-systems) Parsing Thue systems F.4.3 Formal Languages (D.3.1) Algebraic language theory Classes defined by grammars or automata (e.g., context-free languages, regular sets, recursive sets) Classes defined by resource-bounded automata** Decision problems Operations on languages F.4.m Miscellaneous F.m MISCELLANEOUS G. Mathematics of Computing G.0 GENERAL G.1 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS G.1.0 General Computer arithmetic Conditioning (and ill-conditioning) (REVISED) Error analysis Interval arithmetic (NEW) Multiple precision arithmetic (NEW) Numerical algorithms Parallel algorithms Stability (and instability) G.1.1 Interpolation (I.3.5, I.3.7) Difference formulas** Extrapolation Interpolation formulas Smoothing Spline and piecewise polynomial interpolation G.1.2 Approximation Approximation of surfaces and contours (NEW) Chebyshev approximation and theory Elementary function approximation Fast Fourier transforms (FFT) (NEW) Least squares approximation Linear approximation Minimax approximation and algorithms Nonlinear approximation Rational approximation Special function approximations (NEW) Spline and piecewise polynomial approximation Wavelets and fractals (NEW) G.1.3 Numerical Linear Algebra Conditioning Determinants** Eigenvalues and eigenvectors (direct and iterative methods) (REVISED) Error analysis Linear systems (direct and iterative methods) Matrix inversion Pseudoinverses** Singular value decomposition (NEW) Sparse, structured, and very large systems (direct and iterative methods) (REVISED) G.1.4 Quadrature and Numerical Differentiation (F.2.1) Adaptive and iterative quadrature (REVISED) Automatic differentiation (NEW) Equal interval integration** Error analysis Finite difference methods Gaussian quadrature Iterative methods Multidimensional (multiple) quadrature (REVISED) G.1.5 Roots of Nonlinear Equations Continuation (homotopy) methods (NEW) Convergence Error analysis Iterative methods Polynomials, methods for Systems of equations G.1.6 Optimization Constrained optimization Convex programming (NEW) Global optimization (NEW) Gradient methods Integer programming Least squares methods Linear programming Nonlinear programming Quadratic programming methods (NEW) Simulated annealing (NEW) Stochastic programming (NEW) Unconstrained optimization (NEW) G.1.7 Ordinary Differential Equations Boundary value problems Chaotic systems (NEW) Convergence and stability Differential-algebraic equations (NEW) Error analysis Finite difference methods (NEW) Initial value problems Multistep and multivalue methods (REVISED) One-step (single step) methods (REVISED) Stiff equations G.1.8 Partial Differential Equations Domain decomposition methods (NEW) Elliptic equations Finite difference methods (REVISED) Finite element methods Finite volume methods (NEW) Hyperbolic equations Inverse problems (NEW) Iterative solution techniques (NEW) Method of lines Multigrid and multilevel methods (NEW) Parabolic equations Spectral methods (NEW) G.1.9 Integral Equations Delay equations (NEW) Fredholm equations Integro-differential equations Volterra equations G.1.10 Applications (NEW) G.1.m Miscellaneous G.2 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS G.2.0 General G.2.1 Combinatorics (F.2.2) Combinatorial algorithms Counting problems Generating functions Permutations and combinations Recurrences and difference equations G.2.2 Graph Theory (F.2.2) Graph algorithms Graph labeling (NEW) Hypergraphs (NEW) Network problems Path and circuit problems Trees G.2.3 Applications (NEW) G.2.m Miscellaneous G.3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS Contingency table analysis (NEW) Correlation and regression analysis (NEW) Distribution functions (NEW) Experimental design (NEW) Markov processes (NEW) Multivariate statistics (NEW) Nonparametric statistics (NEW) Probabilistic algorithms (including Monte Carlo) Queueing theory (NEW) Random number generation Reliability and life testing (NEW) Renewal theory (NEW) Robust regression (NEW) Statistical computing Statistical software Stochastic processes (NEW) Survival analysis (NEW) Time series analysis (NEW) G.4 MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE Algorithm design and analysis (REVISED) Certification and testing Documentation (NEW) Efficiency Parallel and vector implementations (NEW) Portability** Reliability and robustness User interfaces (NEW) Verification** G.m MISCELLANEOUS Queueing theory** H. Information Systems H.0 GENERAL H.1 MODELS AND PRINCIPLES H.1.0 General H.1.1 Systems and Information Theory (E.4) General systems theory Information theory Value of information H.1.2 User/Machine Systems Human factors Human information processing Software psychology (NEW) H.1.m Miscellaneous H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT (E.5) H.2.0 General Security, integrity, and protection** H.2.1 Logical Design Data models Normal forms Schema and subschema H.2.2 Physical Design Access methods Deadlock avoidance Recovery and restart H.2.3 Languages (D.3.2) Data description languages (DDL) Data manipulation languages (DML) Database (persistent) programming languages Query languages Report writers H.2.4 Systems Concurrency Distributed databases (REVISED) Multimedia databases (NEW) Object-oriented databases (NEW) Parallel databases (NEW) Query processing Relational databases (NEW) Rule-based databases (NEW) Textual databases (NEW) Transaction processing H.2.5 Heterogeneous Databases Data translation** Program translation** H.2.6 Database Machines H.2.7 Database Administration Data dictionary/directory Data warehouse and repository (NEW) Logging and recovery Security, integrity, and protection (NEW) H.2.8 Database Applications Data mining (NEW) Image databases (NEW) Scientific databases (NEW) Spatial databases and GIS (NEW) Statistical databases (NEW) H.2.m Miscellaneous H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL H.3.0 General H.3.1 Content Analysis and Indexing Abstracting methods Dictionaries Indexing methods Linguistic processing Thesauruses H.3.2 Information Storage File organization Record classification** H.3.3 Information Search and Retrieval Clustering Information filtering (NEW) Query formulation Relevance feedback (NEW) Retrieval models Search process Selection process H.3.4 Systems and Software Current awareness systems (selective dissemination of information--SDI)** Distributed systems (NEW) Information networks Performance evaluation (efficiency and effectiveness) (NEW) Question-answering (fact retrieval) systems** User profiles and alert services (NEW) H.3.5 Online Information Services Commercial services (NEW) Data sharing (REVISED) Web-based services (NEW) H.3.6 Library Automation Large text archives H.3.7 Digital Libraries (NEW) Collection (NEW) Dissemination (NEW) Standards (NEW) Systems issues (NEW) User issues (NEW) H.3.m Miscellaneous H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS H.4.0 General H.4.1 Office Automation (I.7) Desktop publishing (NEW) Equipment** Groupware (NEW) Spreadsheets Time management (e.g., calendars, schedules) Word processing Workflow management (NEW) H.4.2 Types of Systems Decision support (e.g., MIS) Logistics H.4.3 Communications Applications Bulletin boards Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing (REVISED) Electronic mail Information browsers (NEW) Videotex H.4.m Miscellaneous H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI) (I.7) H.5.0 General H.5.1 Multimedia Information Systems Animations Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities (REVISED) Audio input/output Evaluation/methodology Hypertext navigation and maps** Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI) H.5.2 User Interfaces (D.2.2, H.1.2, I.3.6) Auditory (non-speech) feedback (NEW) Benchmarking (NEW) Ergonomics Evaluation/methodology Graphical user interfaces (GUI) (NEW) Haptic I/O (NEW) Input devices and strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen) Interaction styles (e.g., commands, menus, forms, direct manipulation) Natural language (NEW) Prototyping (NEW) Screen design (e.g., text, graphics, color) Standardization (NEW) Style guides (NEW) Theory and methods Training, help, and documentation User-centered design (NEW) User interface management systems (UIMS) Voice I/O (NEW) Windowing systems H.5.3 Group and Organization Interfaces Asynchronous interaction Collaborative computing (NEW) Computer-supported cooperative work (NEW) Evaluation/methodology Organizational design Synchronous interaction Theory and models Web-based interaction (NEW) H.5.4 Hypertext/Hypermedia (I.7, J.7) (NEW) Architectures (NEW) Navigation (NEW) Theory (NEW) User issues (NEW) H.5.5 Sound and Music Computing (J.5) (NEW) Methodologies and techniques (NEW) Modeling (NEW) Signal analysis, synthesis, and processing (NEW) Systems (NEW) H.5.m Miscellaneous (NEW) H.m MISCELLANEOUS I. Computing Methodologies I.0 GENERAL I.1 SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION (REVISED) I.1.0 General I.1.1 Expressions and Their Representation (E.1-2) Representations (general and polynomial) Simplification of expressions I.1.2 Algorithms (F.2.1-2) Algebraic algorithms Analysis of algorithms Nonalgebraic algorithms I.1.3 Languages and Systems (D.3.2-3, F.2.2) Evaluation strategies Nonprocedural languages** Special-purpose algebraic systems Special-purpose hardware** Substitution mechanisms** I.1.4 Applications I.1.m Miscellaneous I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE I.2.0 General Cognitive simulation Philosophical foundations I.2.1 Applications and Expert Systems (H.4, J) Cartography Games Industrial automation Law Medicine and science Natural language interfaces Office automation I.2.2 Automatic Programming (D.1.2, F.3.1, F.4.1) Automatic analysis of algorithms Program modification Program synthesis Program transformation Program verification I.2.3 Deduction and Theorem Proving (F.4.1) Answer/reason extraction Deduction (e.g., natural, rule-based) Inference engines (NEW) Logic programming Mathematical induction Metatheory** Nonmonotonic reasoning and belief revision Resolution Uncertainty, ``fuzzy,'' and probabilistic reasoning I.2.4 Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods (F.4.1) Frames and scripts Modal logic (NEW) Predicate logic Relation systems Representation languages Representations (procedural and rule-based) Semantic networks Temporal logic (NEW) I.2.5 Programming Languages and Software (D.3.2) Expert system tools and techniques I.2.6 Learning (K.3.2) Analogies Concept learning Connectionism and neural nets Induction Knowledge acquisition Language acquisition Parameter learning I.2.7 Natural Language Processing Discourse Language generation Language models Language parsing and understanding Machine translation Speech recognition and synthesis Text analysis I.2.8 Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search (F.2.2) Backtracking Control theory (NEW) Dynamic programming Graph and tree search strategies Heuristic methods Plan execution, formation, and generation Scheduling (NEW) I.2.9 Robotics Autonomous vehicles (NEW) Commercial robots and applications (NEW) Kinematics and dynamics (NEW) Manipulators Operator interfaces (NEW) Propelling mechanisms Sensors Workcell organization and planning (NEW) I.2.10 Vision and Scene Understanding (I.4.8, I.5) 3D/stereo scene analysis (NEW) Architecture and control structures** Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding Modeling and recovery of physical attributes Motion Perceptual reasoning Representations, data structures, and transforms Shape Texture Video analysis (NEW) I.2.11 Distributed Artificial Intelligence Coherence and coordination Intelligent agents (NEW) Languages and structures Multiagent systems (NEW) I.2.m Miscellaneous I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS I.3.0 General I.3.1 Hardware Architecture (B.4.2) Graphics processors Hardcopy devices** Input devices Parallel processing Raster display devices Storage devices** Three-dimensional displays** Vector display devices** I.3.2 Graphics Systems (C.2.1, C.2.4, C.3) Distributed/network graphics Remote systems** Stand-alone systems** I.3.3 Picture/Image Generation Antialiasing** Bitmap and framebuffer operations Digitizing and scanning Display algorithms Line and curve generation Viewing algorithms I.3.4 Graphics Utilities Application packages Device drivers** Graphics editors Graphics packages Meta files** Paint systems Picture description languages** Software support Virtual device interfaces I.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling Boundary representations Constructive solid geometry (CSG)** Curve, surface, solid, and object representations Geometric algorithms, languages, and systems Hierarchy and geometric transformations Modeling packages Object hierarchies Physically based modeling Splines I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques Device independence** Ergonomics Graphics data structures and data types Interaction techniques Languages Standards I.3.7 Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism Animation Color, shading, shadowing, and texture Fractals Hidden line/surface removal Radiosity Raytracing Virtual reality Visible line/surface algorithms I.3.8 Applications I.3.m Miscellaneous I.4 IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION (REVISED) I.4.0 General Image displays Image processing software I.4.1 Digitization and Image Capture (REVISED) Camera calibration (NEW) Imaging geometry (NEW) Quantization Radiometry (NEW) Reflectance (NEW) Sampling Scanning I.4.2 Compression (Coding) (E.4) Approximate methods Exact coding** I.4.3 Enhancement Filtering Geometric correction Grayscale manipulation Registration Sharpening and deblurring** Smoothing I.4.4 Restoration Inverse filtering** Kalman filtering Pseudoinverse restoration** Wiener filtering** I.4.5 Reconstruction Series expansion methods Summation methods** Transform methods I.4.6 Segmentation Edge and feature detection Pixel classification Region growing, partitioning Relaxation (NEW) I.4.7 Feature Measurement Feature representation (NEW) Invariants Moments Projections Size and shape Texture I.4.8 Scene Analysis Color (NEW) Depth cues Motion (NEW) Object recognition (NEW) Photometry Range data Sensor fusion Shading (NEW) Shape (NEW) Stereo Surface fitting (NEW) Time-varying imagery Tracking (NEW) I.4.9 Applications I.4.10 Image Representation Hierarchical Morphological Multidimensional Statistical Volumetric I.4.m Miscellaneous I.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION I.5.0 General I.5.1 Models Deterministic** Fuzzy set Geometric Neural nets Statistical Structural I.5.2 Design Methodology Classifier design and evaluation Feature evaluation and selection Pattern analysis I.5.3 Clustering Algorithms Similarity measures I.5.4 Applications Computer vision Signal processing Text processing Waveform analysis I.5.5 Implementation (C.3) Interactive systems Special architectures I.5.m Miscellaneous I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING (G.3) I.6.0 General I.6.1 Simulation Theory Model classification Systems theory Types of simulation (continuous and discrete)* I.6.2 Simulation Languages I.6.3 Applications I.6.4 Model Validation and Analysis I.6.5 Model Development Modeling methodologies I.6.6 Simulation Output Analysis I.6.7 Simulation Support Systems Environments I.6.8 Types of Simulation Animation Combined Continuous Discrete event Distributed Gaming Monte Carlo Parallel Visual I.6.m Miscellaneous I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING (H.4-5) (REVISED) I.7.0 General I.7.1 Document and Text Editing (REVISED) Document management (NEW) Languages** Spelling** Version control (NEW) I.7.2 Document Preparation Desktop publishing Format and notation Hypertext/hypermedia Index generation (NEW) Languages and systems Markup languages (NEW) Multi/mixed media Photocomposition/typesetting Scripting languages (NEW) Standards I.7.3 Index Generation** I.7.4 Electronic Publishing (H.5.4, J.7) (NEW) I.7.5 Document Capture (I.4.1) (NEW) Document analysis (NEW) Graphics recognition and interpretation (NEW) Optical character recognition (OCR) (NEW) Scanning (NEW) I.7.m Miscellaneous I.m MISCELLANEOUS J. Computer Applications J.0 GENERAL J.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING Business Education Financial (e.g., EFTS) Government Law Manufacturing Marketing Military J.2 PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING Aerospace Archaeology (NEW) Astronomy Chemistry Earth and atmospheric sciences Electronics Engineering Mathematics and statistics Physics J.3 LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Biology and genetics (REVISED) Health Medical information systems J.4 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Economics Psychology Sociology J.5 ARTS AND HUMANITIES Architecture (NEW) Arts, fine and performing** Fine arts (NEW) Language translation Linguistics Literature Music** Performing arts (e.g., dance, music) (NEW) J.6 COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING Computer-aided design (CAD) Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) J.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS (C.3) Command and control Consumer products Industrial control Military Process control Publishing Real time J.m MISCELLANEOUS K. Computing Milieux K.0 GENERAL K.1 THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY Markets Standards Statistics Suppliers K.2 HISTORY OF COMPUTING Hardware People Software Systems Theory K.3 COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION K.3.0 General K.3.1 Computer Uses in Education Collaborative learning (NEW) Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) Computer-managed instruction (CMI) Distance learning (NEW) K.3.2 Computer and Information Science Education Accreditation (NEW) Computer science education Curriculum Information systems education Literacy (NEW) Self-assessment K.3.m Miscellaneous Accreditation** Computer literacy** K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY K.4.0 General K.4.1 Public Policy Issues Abuse and crime involving computers (NEW) Computer-related health issues (NEW) Ethics (NEW) Human safety Intellectual property rights (NEW) Privacy Regulation Transborder data flow Use/abuse of power (NEW) K.4.2 Social Issues Abuse and crime involving computers** Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities (NEW) Employment Handicapped persons/special needs** K.4.3 Organizational Impacts Automation (NEW) Computer-supported collaborative work (NEW) Employment (NEW) Reengineering (NEW) K.4.4 Electronic Commerce (J.1) (NEW) Cybercash, digital cash (NEW) Distributed commercial transactions (NEW) Electronic data interchange (EDI) (NEW) Intellectual property (NEW) Payment schemes (NEW) Security (NEW) K.4.m Miscellaneous K.5 LEGAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTING K.5.0 General K.5.1 Hardware/Software Protection (REVISED) Copyrights Licensing (NEW) Patents Proprietary rights Trade secrets** K.5.2 Governmental Issues Censorship (NEW) Regulation Taxation K.5.m Miscellaneous Contracts** Hardware patents** K.6 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS K.6.0 General Economics K.6.1 Project and People Management Life cycle Management techniques (e.g., PERT/CPM) Staffing Strategic information systems planning (NEW) Systems analysis and design Systems development Training K.6.2 Installation Management Benchmarks Computer selection Computing equipment management Performance and usage measurement Pricing and resource allocation K.6.3 Software Management (D.2.9) Software development Software maintenance Software process (NEW) Software selection K.6.4 System Management Centralization/decentralization Management audit Quality assurance K.6.5 Security and Protection (D.4.6, K.4.2) Authentication Insurance** Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses) Physical security** Unauthorized access (e.g., hacking, phreaking) (NEW) K.6.m Miscellaneous Insurance* Security* K.7 THE COMPUTING PROFESSION K.7.0 General K.7.1 Occupations K.7.2 Organizations K.7.3 Testing, Certification, and Licensing K.7.4 Professional Ethics (K.4) (NEW) Codes of ethics (NEW) Codes of good practice (NEW) Ethical dilemmas (NEW) K.7.m Miscellaneous Codes of good practice** Ethics** K.8 PERSONAL COMPUTING Games* K.8.0 General Games K.8.1 Application Packages Data communications Database processing Freeware/shareware (NEW) Graphics Spreadsheets Word processing K.8.2 Hardware K.8.3 Management/Maintenance K.8.m Miscellaneous (NEW) K.m MISCELLANEOUS *Indicates that the classification is no longer used as of January 1991, but that the item is still searchable for previously classified documents. **Indicates that the classification is no longer used as of January 1998, but that the item is still searchable for previously classified documents.